Merge 8033590dcb into 4ee12e6237

* Pin ruff

* Add python upgrade fixes

This enables python upgrade checks in ruff to look for deprecated types and patterns. This namely fixes:
- usage of deprecated `Typing` which is now built in
- some specific exceptions which are caught and have new aliases

Some specific UP checks were also ignored as they are stylistic / unimportant and likely to cause bugs

* Remove async blocking calls

Use asyncio.to_thread on two remaining blocking calls to fix hanging event thread loop. Enable this specific rule to block it in the future.

* Use proper logging mechanism

* Correctly format logs

* Raise with context

When raising an exception include the from context to improve debugging

* Cleanup

docker/main/requirements-dev.txt

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-ruff
+ruff == 0.15.20
 
 # types
 types-peewee == 3.17.*

docker/main/rootfs/usr/local/go2rtc/create_config.py

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 import json
 import os
 import sys
+from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any
 
 from ruamel.yaml import YAML

docker/rockchip/conv2rknn.py

@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@ except FileNotFoundError:
     pass
 
 try:
-    with open("/config/conv2rknn.yaml", "r") as config_file:
+    with open("/config/conv2rknn.yaml") as config_file:
         configuration = yaml.safe_load(config_file)
 except FileNotFoundError:
-    raise Exception("Please place a config file at /config/conv2rknn.yaml")
+    raise Exception("Please place a config file at /config/conv2rknn.yaml") from None
 
 if configuration["config"] != None:
     rknn_config = configuration["config"]
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ if "soc" not in configuration:
         with open("/proc/device-tree/compatible") as file:
             soc = file.read().split(",")[-1].strip("\x00")
     except FileNotFoundError:
-        raise Exception("Make sure to run docker in privileged mode.")
+        raise Exception("Make sure to run docker in privileged mode.") from None
 
     configuration["soc"] = [
         soc,

docs/data/object_detectors_models.json

@@ -44,22 +44,22 @@
   "openvino": {
     "title": "OpenVINO",
     "models": [
-      {
-        "key": "ssd",
-        "label": "SSDLite MobileNet v2",
-        "recommended": true,
-        "download": "An OpenVINO model is provided in the container at `/openvino-model/ssdlite_mobilenet_v2.xml` and is used by this detector type by default. The model comes from Intel's Open Model Zoo [SSDLite MobileNet V2](https://github.com/openvinotoolkit/open_model_zoo/tree/master/models/public/ssdlite_mobilenet_v2) and is converted to an FP16 precision IR model.",
-        "ui": "Navigate to **Settings > System > Detectors and model** and select **OpenVINO** from the detector type dropdown and click **Add**, then set device to `GPU` (or `NPU`). Then on the same page, in the **Custom Model** tab, configure:\n\n| Field                                    | Value                                      |\n| ---------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------ |\n| **Object detection model input width**   | `300`                                      |\n| **Object detection model input height**  | `300`                                      |\n| **Model Input Tensor Shape**             | `nhwc`                                     |\n| **Model Input Pixel Color Format**       | `bgr`                                      |\n| **Custom object detector model path**    | `/openvino-model/ssdlite_mobilenet_v2.xml` |\n| **Label map for custom object detector** | `/openvino-model/coco_91cl_bkgr.txt`       |",
-        "yaml": "detectors:\n  ov:\n    type: openvino\n    device: GPU # Or NPU\n\nmodel:\n  width: 300\n  height: 300\n  input_tensor: nhwc\n  input_pixel_format: bgr\n  path: /openvino-model/ssdlite_mobilenet_v2.xml\n  labelmap_path: /openvino-model/coco_91cl_bkgr.txt"
-      },
       {
         "key": "yolov9",
         "label": "YOLOv9",
-        "recommended": false,
+        "recommended": true,
         "download": "YOLOv9 model can be exported as ONNX using the command below. You can copy and paste the whole thing to your terminal and execute, altering `MODEL_SIZE=t` and `IMG_SIZE=320` in the first line to the [model size](https://github.com/WongKinYiu/yolov9#performance) you would like to convert (available model sizes are `t`, `s`, `m`, `c`, and `e`, common image sizes are `320` and `640`).\n\n```sh\ndocker build . --build-arg MODEL_SIZE=t --build-arg IMG_SIZE=320 --output . -f- <<'EOF'\nFROM python:3.11 AS build\nRUN apt-get update && apt-get install --no-install-recommends -y cmake libgl1 && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*\nCOPY --from=ghcr.io/astral-sh/uv:0.10.4 /uv /bin/\nWORKDIR /yolov9\nADD https://github.com/WongKinYiu/yolov9.git .\nRUN uv pip install --system -r requirements.txt\nRUN uv pip install --system onnx==1.18.0 onnxruntime onnx-simplifier==0.4.* onnxscript\nARG MODEL_SIZE\nARG IMG_SIZE\nADD https://github.com/WongKinYiu/yolov9/releases/download/v0.1/yolov9-${MODEL_SIZE}-converted.pt yolov9-${MODEL_SIZE}.pt\nRUN sed -i \"s/ckpt = torch.load(attempt_download(w), map_location='cpu')/ckpt = torch.load(attempt_download(w), map_location='cpu', weights_only=False)/g\" models/experimental.py\nRUN python3 export.py --weights ./yolov9-${MODEL_SIZE}.pt --imgsz ${IMG_SIZE} --simplify --include onnx\nFROM scratch\nARG MODEL_SIZE\nARG IMG_SIZE\nCOPY --from=build /yolov9/yolov9-${MODEL_SIZE}.onnx /yolov9-${MODEL_SIZE}-${IMG_SIZE}.onnx\nEOF\n```",
         "ui": "Navigate to **Settings > System > Detectors and model** and select **OpenVINO** from the detector type dropdown and click **Add**, then set device to `GPU` (or `NPU`). Then on the same page, in the **Custom Model** tab, configure:\n\n| Field                                    | Value                                                    |\n| ---------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------- |\n| **Object Detection Model Type**          | `yolo-generic`                                           |\n| **Object detection model input width**   | `320` (should match the imgsize set during model export) |\n| **Object detection model input height**  | `320` (should match the imgsize set during model export) |\n| **Model Input Tensor Shape**             | `nchw`                                                   |\n| **Model Input D Type**                   | `float`                                                  |\n| **Custom object detector model path**    | `/config/model_cache/yolo.onnx`                          |\n| **Label map for custom object detector** | `/labelmap/coco-80.txt`                                  |",
         "yaml": "detectors:\n  ov:\n    type: openvino\n    device: GPU # or NPU\n\nmodel:\n  model_type: yolo-generic\n  width: 320 # <--- should match the imgsize set during model export\n  height: 320 # <--- should match the imgsize set during model export\n  input_tensor: nchw\n  input_dtype: float\n  path: /config/model_cache/yolo.onnx\n  labelmap_path: /labelmap/coco-80.txt"
       },
+      {
+        "key": "ssd",
+        "label": "SSDLite MobileNet v2",
+        "recommended": false,
+        "download": "An OpenVINO model is provided in the container at `/openvino-model/ssdlite_mobilenet_v2.xml` and is used by this detector type by default. The model comes from Intel's Open Model Zoo [SSDLite MobileNet V2](https://github.com/openvinotoolkit/open_model_zoo/tree/master/models/public/ssdlite_mobilenet_v2) and is converted to an FP16 precision IR model.",
+        "ui": "Navigate to **Settings > System > Detectors and model** and select **OpenVINO** from the detector type dropdown and click **Add**, then set device to `GPU` (or `NPU`). Then on the same page, in the **Custom Model** tab, configure:\n\n| Field                                    | Value                                      |\n| ---------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------ |\n| **Object detection model input width**   | `300`                                      |\n| **Object detection model input height**  | `300`                                      |\n| **Model Input Tensor Shape**             | `nhwc`                                     |\n| **Model Input Pixel Color Format**       | `bgr`                                      |\n| **Custom object detector model path**    | `/openvino-model/ssdlite_mobilenet_v2.xml` |\n| **Label map for custom object detector** | `/openvino-model/coco_91cl_bkgr.txt`       |",
+        "yaml": "detectors:\n  ov:\n    type: openvino\n    device: GPU # Or NPU\n\nmodel:\n  width: 300\n  height: 300\n  input_tensor: nhwc\n  input_pixel_format: bgr\n  path: /openvino-model/ssdlite_mobilenet_v2.xml\n  labelmap_path: /openvino-model/coco_91cl_bkgr.txt"
+      },
       {
         "key": "yolo-legacy",
         "label": "YOLO (v3, v4, v7)",

docs/docs/configuration/audio_detectors.md

@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ cameras:
 
 ### Configuring Minimum Volume
 
-The audio detector uses volume levels in the same way that motion in a camera feed is used for object detection. This means that Frigate will not run audio detection unless the audio volume is above the configured level in order to reduce resource usage. Audio levels can vary widely between camera models so it is important to run tests to see what volume levels are. The Debug view in the Frigate UI has an Audio tab for cameras that have the `audio` role assigned where a graph and the current levels are is displayed. The `min_volume` parameter should be set to the minimum the `RMS` level required to run audio detection.
+The audio detector uses volume levels in the same way that motion in a camera feed is used for object detection. This means that Frigate will not run audio detection unless the audio volume is above the configured level in order to reduce resource usage. Audio levels can vary widely between camera models so it is important to run tests to see what volume levels are. The [Debug view](/usage/live#the-single-camera-view) in the Frigate UI has an Audio tab for cameras that have the `audio` role assigned where a graph and the current levels are is displayed. The `min_volume` parameter should be set to the minimum the `RMS` level required to run audio detection.
 
 :::tip
 

docs/docs/configuration/authentication.md

@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ Changing the secret will invalidate current tokens.
 
 ## Proxy configuration
 
-Frigate can be configured to leverage features of common upstream authentication proxies such as Authelia, Authentik, oauth2_proxy, or traefik-forward-auth.
+Frigate can be configured to leverage features of common upstream authentication proxies such as Authelia, Authentik, oauth2_proxy, or traefik-forward-auth. Frigate does not implement OIDC, SAML, or LDAP natively; as an NVR focused on recording and object detection, it relies on robust, battle-tested proxies to handle those protocols and passes the authenticated user and role through via headers (see below).
 
 If you are leveraging the authentication of an upstream proxy, you likely want to disable Frigate's authentication as there is no correspondence between users in Frigate's database and users authenticated via the proxy. Optionally, if communication between the reverse proxy and Frigate is over an untrusted network, you should set an `auth_secret` in the `proxy` config and configure the proxy to send the secret value as a header named `X-Proxy-Secret`. Assuming this is an untrusted network, you will also want to [configure a real TLS certificate](tls.md) to ensure the traffic can't simply be sniffed to steal the secret.
 

docs/docs/configuration/autotracking.md

@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ Every PTZ camera is different, so autotracking may not perform ideally in every
 
 The object tracker in Frigate estimates the motion of the PTZ so that tracked objects are preserved when the camera moves. In most cases 5 fps is sufficient, but if you plan to track faster moving objects, you may want to increase this slightly. Higher frame rates (> 10fps) will only slow down Frigate and the motion estimator and may lead to dropped frames, especially if you are using experimental zooming.
 
-A fast [detector](object_detectors.md) is recommended. CPU detectors will not perform well or won't work at all. You can watch Frigate's debug viewer for your camera to see a thicker colored box around the object currently being autotracked.
+A fast [detector](object_detectors.md) is recommended. CPU detectors will not perform well or won't work at all. You can watch Frigate's [debug viewer](/usage/live#the-single-camera-view) for your camera to see a thicker colored box around the object currently being autotracked.
 
 ![Autotracking Debug View](/img/autotracking-debug.gif)
 

docs/docs/configuration/birdseye.md

@@ -126,12 +126,12 @@ birdseye:
 
 ### Sorting cameras in the Birdseye view
 
-It is possible to override the order of cameras that are being shown in the Birdseye view. The order is set at the camera level.
+It is possible to override the order of cameras that are being shown in the Birdseye view. The order is set at the camera level (when using YAML).
 
 <ConfigTabs>
 <TabItem value="ui">
 
-Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > Camera configuration > Birdseye" /> for each camera and set the **Position** field to control the display order.
+Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > System > Birdseye" /> and in the **Camera order** field, use the drag handle next to each camera name to control the display order.
 
 </TabItem>
 <TabItem value="yaml">

docs/docs/configuration/camera_specific.md

@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ id: camera_specific
 title: Camera Specific Configurations
 ---
 
+import NavPath from "@site/src/components/NavPath";
+
 :::note
 
 This page makes use of presets of FFmpeg args. For more information on presets, see the [FFmpeg Presets](/configuration/ffmpeg_presets) page.
@@ -148,11 +150,11 @@ WEB Digest Algorithm  - MD5
 
 Reolink has many different camera models with inconsistently supported features and behavior. The below table shows a summary of various features and recommendations.
 
-| Camera Resolution | Camera Generation         | Recommended Stream Type           | Additional Notes                                                        |
-| ----------------- | ------------------------- | --------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------- |
-| 5MP or lower      | All                       | http-flv                          | Stream is h264                                                          |
-| 6MP or higher     | Latest (ex: Duo3, CX-8##) | http-flv with ffmpeg 8.0, or rtsp | This uses the new http-flv-enhanced over H265 which requires ffmpeg 8.0 |
-| 6MP or higher     | Older (ex: RLC-8##)       | rtsp                              |                                                                         |
+| Camera Resolution | Camera Generation         | Recommended Stream Type           | Additional Notes                                                                            |
+| ----------------- | ------------------------- | --------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| 5MP or lower      | All                       | http-flv                          | Stream is h264                                                                              |
+| 6MP or higher     | Latest (ex: Duo3, CX-8##) | http-flv with ffmpeg 8.0, or rtsp | This uses the new http-flv-enhanced over H265 which requires ffmpeg 8.0 (Frigate's default) |
+| 6MP or higher     | Older (ex: RLC-8##)       | rtsp                              |                                                                                             |
 
 Frigate works much better with newer reolink cameras that are setup with the below options:
 
@@ -161,6 +163,21 @@ If available, recommended settings are:
 - `On, fluency first` this sets the camera to CBR (constant bit rate)
 - `Interframe Space 1x` this sets the iframe interval to the same as the frame rate
 
+#### Setup via the Add Camera Wizard
+
+The Add Camera Wizard is the recommended way to add a standard Reolink camera. Before starting, make sure HTTP is enabled in the camera's advanced network settings — the wizard uses the camera's HTTP API to determine its resolution and choose the recommended stream type from the table above.
+
+1. Click **Add Camera** in <NavPath path="Settings > Global configuration > Camera management" />.
+2. Choose **Manual selection** as the stream detection method and select **Reolink** as the camera brand.
+3. The wizard queries the camera and automatically uses an http-flv stream for cameras 5MP and lower, or an RTSP stream for higher resolution cameras.
+4. In the validation step, enable **Use stream compatibility mode** for http-flv streams when the wizard recommends it.
+
+If you use the **Probe camera** method instead, the discovered stream URLs will be RTSP. For Reolink cameras where http-flv is recommended, the wizard will show a warning in the validation step.
+
+The wizard covers standard single-camera setups. For two way talk, cameras connected through a Reolink NVR, or audio transcoding for WebRTC live view, configure the camera manually as shown below.
+
+#### Manual configuration
+
 According to [this discussion](https://github.com/blakeblackshear/frigate/issues/3235#issuecomment-1135876973), the http video streams seem to be the most reliable for Reolink.
 
 Cameras connected via a Reolink NVR can be connected with the http stream, use `channel[0..15]` in the stream url for the additional channels.
@@ -225,11 +242,12 @@ cameras:
           roles:
             - detect
 ```
+
 </details>
 
 ### Unifi Protect Cameras
 
-:::note 
+:::note
 
 Unifi G5s cameras and newer need a Unifi Protect server to enable rtsps stream, it's not posible to enable it in standalone mode.
 
@@ -269,7 +287,6 @@ Some community members have found better performance on Wyze cameras by using an
 To use a USB camera (webcam) with Frigate, the recommendation is to use go2rtc's [FFmpeg Device](https://github.com/AlexxIT/go2rtc?tab=readme-ov-file#source-ffmpeg-device) support:
 
 - Preparation outside of Frigate:
-
   - Get USB camera path. Run `v4l2-ctl --list-devices` to get a listing of locally-connected cameras available. (You may need to install `v4l-utils` in a way appropriate for your Linux distribution). In the sample configuration below, we use `video=0` to correlate with a detected device path of `/dev/video0`
   - Get USB camera formats & resolutions. Run `ffmpeg -f v4l2 -list_formats all -i /dev/video0` to get an idea of what formats and resolutions the USB Camera supports. In the sample configuration below, we use a width of 1024 and height of 576 in the stream and detection settings based on what was reported back.
   - If using Frigate in a container (e.g. Docker on TrueNAS), ensure you have USB Passthrough support enabled, along with a specific Host Device (`/dev/video0`) + Container Device (`/dev/video0`) listed.

docs/docs/configuration/cameras.md

@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ Camera groups let you organize cameras together with a shared name and icon, mak
 <ConfigTabs>
 <TabItem value="ui">
 
-On the Live dashboard, press the **+** icon in the main navigation to add a new camera group. Configure the group name, select which cameras to include, choose an icon, and set the display order.
+On the Live dashboard, press the **pencil icon** in the main navigation to add a new camera group. Configure the group name, select which cameras to include, choose an icon, and set the display order.
 
 </TabItem>
 <TabItem value="yaml">

docs/docs/configuration/face_recognition.md

@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ Start with the [Usage](#usage) section and re-read the [Model Requirements](#mod
 1. Ensure `person` is being _detected_. A `person` will automatically be scanned by Frigate for a face. Any detected faces will appear in the Recent Recognitions tab in the Frigate UI's Face Library.
 
    If you are using a Frigate+ or `face` detecting model:
-   - Watch the debug view (Settings --> Debug) to ensure that `face` is being detected along with `person`.
+   - Watch the [debug view](/usage/live#the-single-camera-view) to ensure that `face` is being detected along with `person`.
    - You may need to adjust the `min_score` for the `face` object if faces are not being detected.
 
    If you are **not** using a Frigate+ or `face` detecting model:

docs/docs/configuration/ffmpeg_presets.md

@@ -7,27 +7,27 @@ import ConfigTabs from "@site/src/components/ConfigTabs";
 import TabItem from "@theme/TabItem";
 import NavPath from "@site/src/components/NavPath";
 
-Some presets of FFmpeg args are provided by default to make the configuration easier. All presets can be seen in [this file](https://github.com/blakeblackshear/frigate/blob/master/frigate/ffmpeg_presets.py).
+Frigate ships with a set of FFmpeg presets to keep your configuration short and readable. Each preset expands to a longer list of FFmpeg arguments at runtime. You can see exactly what every preset expands to in [this file](https://github.com/blakeblackshear/frigate/blob/master/frigate/ffmpeg_presets.py).
 
-### Hwaccel Presets
+In the config file you reference a preset by its name (for example, `preset-vaapi`). In the UI, the same preset is shown with a friendly label (for example, **VAAPI (Intel/AMD GPU)**). Both refer to the same thing — the tables below list the config name alongside the label you'll see in the UI.
 
-It is highly recommended to use hwaccel presets in the config. These presets not only replace the longer args, but they also give Frigate hints of what hardware is available and allows Frigate to make other optimizations using the GPU such as when encoding the birdseye restream or when scaling a stream that has a size different than the native stream size.
+### Hwaccel (Hardware Acceleration) Presets
 
-See [the hwaccel docs](/configuration/hardware_acceleration_video.md) for more info on how to setup hwaccel for your GPU / iGPU.
+Hardware acceleration arguments tell FFmpeg to decode your camera's video stream on a GPU or integrated graphics chip instead of the CPU, which dramatically lowers CPU usage. Using a preset is highly recommended. Beyond replacing a long list of arguments, each preset also tells Frigate what hardware is available so it can offload additional work to the GPU — for example, encoding the Birdseye restream or scaling a stream whose resolution differs from the camera's native size.
 
-| Preset                | Usage                          | Other Notes                                           |
-| --------------------- | ------------------------------ | ----------------------------------------------------- |
-| preset-rpi-64-h264    | 64 bit Rpi with h264 stream    |                                                       |
-| preset-rpi-64-h265    | 64 bit Rpi with h265 stream    |                                                       |
-| preset-vaapi          | Intel & AMD VAAPI              | Check hwaccel docs to ensure correct driver is chosen |
-| preset-intel-qsv-h264 | Intel QSV with h264 stream     | If issues occur recommend using vaapi preset instead  |
-| preset-intel-qsv-h265 | Intel QSV with h265 stream     | If issues occur recommend using vaapi preset instead  |
-| preset-nvidia         | Nvidia GPU                     |                                                       |
-| preset-jetson-h264    | Nvidia Jetson with h264 stream |                                                       |
-| preset-jetson-h265    | Nvidia Jetson with h265 stream |                                                       |
-| preset-rkmpp          | Rockchip MPP                   | Use image with \*-rk suffix and privileged mode       |
+See [the hardware acceleration docs](/configuration/hardware_acceleration_video.md) for details on setting up hardware acceleration for your GPU / iGPU, then select the preset that matches your hardware.
 
-Select the appropriate hwaccel preset for your hardware.
+| Preset (YAML config)  | UI Label                | Usage                             | Notes                                                           |
+| --------------------- | ----------------------- | --------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| preset-rpi-64-h264    | Raspberry Pi (H.264)    | 64-bit Raspberry Pi, H.264 stream |                                                                 |
+| preset-rpi-64-h265    | Raspberry Pi (H.265)    | 64-bit Raspberry Pi, H.265 stream |                                                                 |
+| preset-vaapi          | VAAPI (Intel/AMD GPU)   | Intel or AMD GPU via VAAPI        | Check the hwaccel docs to ensure the correct driver is selected |
+| preset-intel-qsv-h264 | Intel QuickSync (H.264) | Intel QuickSync, H.264 stream     | If you have issues, use the VAAPI preset instead                |
+| preset-intel-qsv-h265 | Intel QuickSync (H.265) | Intel QuickSync, H.265 stream     | If you have issues, use the VAAPI preset instead                |
+| preset-nvidia         | NVIDIA GPU              | NVIDIA GPU                        |                                                                 |
+| preset-jetson-h264    | NVIDIA Jetson (H.264)   | NVIDIA Jetson, H.264 stream       |                                                                 |
+| preset-jetson-h265    | NVIDIA Jetson (H.265)   | NVIDIA Jetson, H.265 stream       |                                                                 |
+| preset-rkmpp          | Rockchip RKMPP          | Rockchip MPP                      | Use an image with the `-rk` suffix and run in privileged mode   |
 
 <ConfigTabs>
 <TabItem value="ui">
@@ -53,25 +53,25 @@ cameras:
 
 ### Input Args Presets
 
-Input args presets help make the config more readable and handle use cases for different types of streams to ensure maximum compatibility.
+Input arguments are passed to FFmpeg before your camera source and control how Frigate connects to and reads the stream — the transport protocol, timeouts, reconnection behavior, and how the stream is probed. The right input args ensure a reliable connection and maximum compatibility for each type of stream.
 
-See [the camera specific docs](/configuration/camera_specific.md) for more info on non-standard cameras and recommendations for using them in Frigate.
+See [the camera-specific docs](/configuration/camera_specific.md) for more on non-standard cameras and recommendations for using them in Frigate.
 
-| Preset                           | Usage                     | Other Notes                                                                                      |
-| -------------------------------- | ------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
-| preset-http-jpeg-generic         | HTTP Live Jpeg            | Recommend restreaming live jpeg instead                                                          |
-| preset-http-mjpeg-generic        | HTTP Mjpeg Stream         | Recommend restreaming mjpeg stream instead                                                       |
-| preset-http-reolink              | Reolink HTTP-FLV Stream   | Only for reolink http, not when restreaming as rtsp                                              |
-| preset-rtmp-generic              | RTMP Stream               |                                                                                                  |
-| preset-rtsp-generic              | RTSP Stream               | This is the default when nothing is specified                                                    |
-| preset-rtsp-restream             | RTSP Stream from restream | Use for rtsp restream as source for frigate                                                      |
-| preset-rtsp-restream-low-latency | RTSP Stream from restream | Use for rtsp restream as source for frigate to lower latency, may cause issues with some cameras |
-| preset-rtsp-udp                  | RTSP Stream via UDP       | Use when camera is UDP only                                                                      |
-| preset-rtsp-blue-iris            | Blue Iris RTSP Stream     | Use when consuming a stream from Blue Iris                                                       |
+| Preset (config)                  | UI Label                                  | Usage                       | Notes                                                                           |
+| -------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------- | --------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| preset-http-jpeg-generic         | HTTP JPEG (Generic)                       | HTTP live JPEG              | Restreaming the live JPEG is recommended instead                                |
+| preset-http-mjpeg-generic        | HTTP MJPEG (Generic)                      | HTTP MJPEG stream           | Restreaming the MJPEG stream is recommended instead                             |
+| preset-http-reolink              | HTTP - Reolink Cameras                    | Reolink HTTP-FLV stream     | Only for Reolink HTTP, not when restreaming as RTSP                             |
+| preset-rtmp-generic              | RTMP (Generic)                            | RTMP stream                 |                                                                                 |
+| preset-rtsp-generic              | RTSP (Generic)                            | RTSP stream                 | The default when no input args are specified                                    |
+| preset-rtsp-restream             | RTSP - Restream from go2rtc               | RTSP stream from a restream | Use when a go2rtc restream is the source for Frigate                            |
+| preset-rtsp-restream-low-latency | RTSP - Restream from go2rtc (Low Latency) | RTSP stream from a restream | Lowers latency for a go2rtc restream source; may cause issues with some cameras |
+| preset-rtsp-udp                  | RTSP - UDP                                | RTSP stream over UDP        | Use when the camera only supports UDP                                           |
+| preset-rtsp-blue-iris            | RTSP - Blue Iris                          | Blue Iris RTSP stream       | Use when consuming a stream from Blue Iris                                      |
 
 :::warning
 
-It is important to be mindful of input args when using restream because you can have a mix of protocols. `http` and `rtmp` presets cannot be used with `rtsp` streams. For example, when using a reolink cam with the rtsp restream as a source for record the preset-http-reolink will cause a crash. In this case presets will need to be set at the stream level. See the example below.
+Be mindful of input arguments when restreaming, because you can end up with a mix of protocols. The `http` and `rtmp` presets cannot be used with `rtsp` streams. For example, using a Reolink camera with an RTSP restream as the recording source while `preset-http-reolink` is applied will cause a crash. In cases like this, set the preset at the stream level instead. See the example below.
 
 :::
 
@@ -96,13 +96,13 @@ cameras:
 
 ### Output Args Presets
 
-Output args presets help make the config more readable and handle use cases for different types of streams to ensure consistent recordings.
+Output arguments are passed to FFmpeg after your camera source and control how recordings are written — which codecs are used and whether audio and video are copied as-is or re-encoded. The right output args ensure consistent, playable recordings for each type of stream.
 
-| Preset                           | Usage                             | Other Notes                                                                                                                                                                                              |
-| -------------------------------- | --------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
-| preset-record-generic            | Record WITHOUT audio              | If your camera doesn't have audio, or if you don't want to record audio, use this option                                                                                                                 |
-| preset-record-generic-audio-copy | Record WITH original audio        | Use this to enable audio in recordings                                                                                                                                                                   |
-| preset-record-generic-audio-aac  | Record WITH transcoded aac audio  | This is the default when no option is specified. Use it to transcode audio to AAC. If the source is already in AAC format, use preset-record-generic-audio-copy instead to avoid unnecessary re-encoding |
-| preset-record-mjpeg              | Record an mjpeg stream            | Recommend restreaming mjpeg stream instead                                                                                                                                                               |
-| preset-record-jpeg               | Record live jpeg                  | Recommend restreaming live jpeg instead                                                                                                                                                                  |
-| preset-record-ubiquiti           | Record ubiquiti stream with audio | Recordings with ubiquiti non-standard audio                                                                                                                                                              |
+| Preset (config)                  | UI Label                        | Usage                               | Notes                                                                                                                                                             |
+| -------------------------------- | ------------------------------- | ----------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| preset-record-generic            | Record (Generic, no audio)      | Record without audio                | Use this if your camera has no audio, or if you don't want to record audio                                                                                        |
+| preset-record-generic-audio-copy | Record (Generic + Copy Audio)   | Record with the original audio      | Use this to keep the camera's audio in recordings without re-encoding                                                                                             |
+| preset-record-generic-audio-aac  | Record (Generic + Audio to AAC) | Record with audio transcoded to AAC | The default when no output args are specified. Transcodes audio to AAC. If the source is already AAC, use `preset-record-generic-audio-copy` to avoid re-encoding |
+| preset-record-mjpeg              | Record - MJPEG Cameras          | Record an MJPEG stream              | Restreaming the MJPEG stream is recommended instead                                                                                                               |
+| preset-record-jpeg               | Record - JPEG Cameras           | Record a live JPEG                  | Restreaming the live JPEG is recommended instead                                                                                                                  |
+| preset-record-ubiquiti           | Record - Ubiquiti Cameras       | Record a Ubiquiti stream with audio | Handles Ubiquiti's non-standard audio format                                                                                                                      |

docs/docs/configuration/genai/config.md

@@ -27,13 +27,12 @@ Running Generative AI models on CPU is not recommended, as high inference times
 
 You must use a vision-capable model with Frigate. The following models are recommended for local deployment:
 
-| Model         | Notes                                                                                                                                                                |
-| ------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
-| `qwen3-vl`    | Strong visual and situational understanding, enhanced ability to identify smaller objects and interactions with object.                                              |
-| `qwen3.5`     | Strong situational understanding, but missing DeepStack from qwen3-vl leading to worse performance for identifying objects in people's hand and other small details. |
-| `gemma4`      | Strong situational understanding, sometimes resorts to more vague terms like 'interacts' instead of assigning a specific action.                                     |
-| `Intern3.5VL` | Relatively fast with good vision comprehension                                                                                                                       |
-| `gemma3`      | Slower model with good vision and temporal understanding                                                                                                             |
+| Model      | Notes                                                                                                                                                                |
+| ---------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| `qwen3-vl` | Strong visual and situational understanding, enhanced ability to identify smaller objects and interactions with object.                                              |
+| `qwen3.5`  | Strong situational understanding, but missing DeepStack from qwen3-vl leading to worse performance for identifying objects in people's hand and other small details. |
+| `qwen3.6`  | Strong situational understanding, similar to qwen3-vl                                                                                                                |
+| `gemma4`   | Strong situational understanding, sometimes resorts to more vague terms like 'interacts' instead of assigning a specific action.                                     |
 
 :::info
 
@@ -294,7 +293,7 @@ Other HTTP options are available, see the [python-genai documentation](https://g
 
 ### OpenAI
 
-OpenAI does not have a free tier for their API. With the release of gpt-4o, pricing has been reduced and each generation should cost fractions of a cent if you choose to go this route.
+OpenAI does not have a free tier for their API.
 
 #### Supported Models
 

docs/docs/configuration/hardware_acceleration_video.md

@@ -17,8 +17,6 @@ Some types of hardware acceleration are detected and used automatically, but you
 - Check the logs: A message will either say that hardware acceleration was automatically detected, or there will be a warning that no hardware acceleration was automatically detected
 - If hardware acceleration is specified in the config, verification can be done by ensuring the logs are free from errors. There is no CPU fallback for hardware acceleration.
 
-:::info
-
 Frigate supports presets for optimal hardware accelerated video decoding:
 
 **AMD**
@@ -49,14 +47,10 @@ Frigate supports presets for optimal hardware accelerated video decoding:
 
 Depending on your system, these presets may not be compatible, and you may need to use manual hwaccel args to take advantage of your hardware. More information on hardware accelerated decoding for ffmpeg can be found here: https://trac.ffmpeg.org/wiki/HWAccelIntro
 
-:::
-
 ## Intel-based CPUs
 
 Frigate can utilize most Intel integrated GPUs and Arc GPUs to accelerate video decoding.
 
-:::info
-
 **Recommended hwaccel Preset**
 
 | CPU Generation     | Intel Driver | Recommended Preset  | Notes                                       |
@@ -68,8 +62,6 @@ Frigate can utilize most Intel integrated GPUs and Arc GPUs to accelerate video
 | Intel Arc A-series | iHD / Xe     | preset-intel-qsv-\* |                                             |
 | Intel Arc B-series | iHD / Xe     | preset-intel-qsv-\* | Requires host kernel 6.12+                  |
 
-:::
-
 :::note
 
 The default driver is `iHD`. You may need to change the driver to `i965` by adding the following environment variable `LIBVA_DRIVER_NAME=i965` to your docker-compose file or [in the `config.yml` for HA App users](advanced/system.md#environment_vars).

docs/docs/configuration/license_plate_recognition.md

@@ -680,6 +680,7 @@ lpr:
    - You may need to adjust your `detection_threshold` if your plates are not being detected.
 
 4. Ensure the characters on detected plates are being _recognized_.
+   - Check the **Plate recognition** inference time in Enrichment metrics (<NavPath path="System metrics > Enrichments" />). High inference times (> 100ms) could lead to poor recognition results, especially for dedicated LPR cameras where the plate crosses the frame quickly.
    - Enable `debug_save_plates` to save images of detected text on plates to the clips directory (`/media/frigate/clips/lpr`). Ensure these images are readable and the text is clear.
    - Watch the debug view to see plates recognized in real-time. For non-dedicated LPR cameras, the `car` or `motorcycle` label will change to the recognized plate when LPR is enabled and working.
    - Adjust `recognition_threshold` settings per the suggestions [above](#advanced-configuration).

docs/docs/configuration/live.md

@@ -434,3 +434,7 @@ When your browser runs into problems playing back your camera streams, it will l
    ```
 
    The same applies to your `record` stream: if its aspect ratio differs from your `detect` stream, your recordings will appear in a different shape than the live view. For consistent framing across live view and recordings, use the same aspect ratio for all of a camera's streams (the resolution can still differ).
+
+9. **Why does Frigate prefer MSE over WebRTC for live view?**
+
+   Frigate prefers MSE because it delivers a better out-of-the-box experience than WebRTC on nearly every axis that matters for a security camera system. MSE is an open standard optimized and supported by all modern browsers, works without any extra configuration (WebRTC requires port forwarding and candidate setup, and lacks H.265 support in some browsers), and requires no internet access for NAT traversal. More importantly, MSE runs over TCP, so every frame arrives and is decoded in order, so nothing is ever silently skipped. WebRTC optimizes for latency over UDP by discarding late or incomplete frames, which works against you on cellular or spotty Wi-Fi: you can end up with frozen video, visual corruption, or gaps in the feed without ever knowing you missed something. Frigate's enhanced MSE player has adaptive speed playback and has been tuned for latency and connection robustness that meets or exceeds WebRTC, so you get near-real-time playback with a guarantee that when the video plays, every frame is actually there - which, for an NVR whose whole purpose is letting you see what happened, matters more than shaving fractions of a second off a latency number. That's why Frigate defaults to MSE and reserves WebRTC for cases that require it, like two-way talk.

docs/docs/configuration/masks.md

@@ -7,11 +7,11 @@ import ConfigTabs from "@site/src/components/ConfigTabs";
 import TabItem from "@theme/TabItem";
 import NavPath from "@site/src/components/NavPath";
 
-Frigate has two kinds of masks: motion masks and object filter masks. Both are narrow tools for fine-tuning, **not for hiding an area from Frigate**. Masks should be used sparingly; in most cases where users reach for one, a [zone](zones.md) with `required_zones` is the right tool instead. See [Which tool do I need?](#which-tool-do-i-need) and [Common mistakes](#common-mistakes) below if you're new to Frigate's mask behavior.
+Frigate has two kinds of masks: motion masks and object filter masks. Both are narrow tools for fine-tuning, **not for hiding an area from Frigate**. Masks should be used sparingly; in most cases where users reach for one, a [zone](zones.md) with [`required_zones`](zones.md#restricting-alerts-and-detections-to-specific-zones) is the right tool instead. See [Which tool do I need?](#which-tool-do-i-need) and [Common mistakes](#common-mistakes) below if you're new to Frigate's mask behavior.
 
 ## Motion masks
 
-Motion masks are used to prevent unwanted types of motion from triggering detection. Try watching the Debug feed (Settings --> Debug) with `Motion Boxes` enabled to see what may be regularly detected as motion. For example, you want to mask out your timestamp, the sky, rooftops, etc. Keep in mind that this mask only prevents motion from being detected and does not prevent objects from being detected if object detection was started due to motion in unmasked areas. Motion is also used during object tracking to refine the object detection area in the next frame. _Over-masking will make it more difficult for objects to be tracked._
+Motion masks are used to prevent unwanted types of motion from triggering detection. Try watching the [Debug view](/usage/live#the-single-camera-view) with `Motion Boxes` enabled to see what may be regularly detected as motion. For example, you want to mask out your timestamp, the sky, rooftops, etc. Keep in mind that this mask only prevents motion from being detected and does not prevent objects from being detected if object detection was started due to motion in unmasked areas. Motion is also used during object tracking to refine the object detection area in the next frame. _Over-masking will make it more difficult for objects to be tracked._
 
 See [further clarification](#further-clarification) below on why you may not want to use a motion mask.
 
@@ -25,12 +25,12 @@ Object filter masks can be used to filter out stubborn false positives in fixed
 
 ## Which tool do I need?
 
-| What you're trying to do                                                                                                       | Recommended tool                                                                                            | How it works                                                                                                                                                                                |
-| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
-| Don't get alerts or recordings for activity in an area (e.g., the sidewalk in front of your house)                             | A [zone](zones.md) combined with `review.alerts.required_zones` (and/or `review.detections.required_zones`) | Frigate keeps detecting and tracking activity in the area, but a review item is only created once the bottom-center of an object's bounding box enters a required zone.                     |
-| Stop a stubborn false positive at a specific fixed spot (e.g., a tree base that keeps being detected as a person)              | An **object filter mask** for that object type                                                              | Any detection of that object type whose bounding-box bottom-center lands inside the mask is treated as a false positive and discarded.                                                      |
-| Ignore motion in an area that obviously isn't an object of interest (e.g., the camera timestamp, sky, flags, treetops swaying) | A **motion mask**                                                                                           | Motion inside the mask is ignored when deciding whether to run object detection. Objects can still be detected in a motion masked area if motion elsewhere in the frame triggers detection. |
-| Stop tracking an object type altogether on this camera (e.g., you never care about cats)                                       | Remove the object from the camera's [`objects.track`](objects.md) list                                      | Frigate skips this object type entirely on this camera, regardless of where it appears.                                                                                                     |
+| What you're trying to do                                                                                                                                                                  | Recommended tool                                                                                            | How it works                                                                                                                                                                                |
+| ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| Only get alerts/detections for activity in the areas you care about, ignoring activity elsewhere (e.g., alert when someone enters your yard, but not when they walk past on the sidewalk) | A [zone](zones.md) combined with [`required_zones`](zones.md#restricting-alerts-and-detections-to-specific-zones) | Frigate keeps detecting and tracking activity everywhere in the frame, but a review item is only created once the bottom-center of an object's bounding box enters a required zone. |
+| Stop a stubborn false positive at a specific fixed spot (e.g., a tree base that keeps being detected as a person)                                                                         | An **object filter mask** for that object type                                                              | Any detection of that object type whose bounding-box bottom-center lands inside the mask is treated as a false positive and discarded.                                                      |
+| Ignore motion in an area that obviously isn't an object of interest (e.g., the camera timestamp, sky, flags, treetops swaying)                                                            | A **motion mask**                                                                                           | Motion inside the mask is ignored when deciding whether to run object detection. Objects can still be detected in a motion masked area if motion elsewhere in the frame triggers detection. |
+| Stop tracking an object type altogether on this camera (e.g., you never care about cats)                                                                                                  | Remove the object from the camera's [`objects.track`](objects.md) list                                      | Frigate skips this object type entirely on this camera, regardless of where it appears.                                                                                                     |
 
 ## Using the mask creator
 
@@ -139,10 +139,10 @@ That may be the case for you. Frigate will definitely work harder tracking peopl
 ## Common mistakes
 
 **"I added a motion mask to ignore my driveway/sidewalk."**
-A motion mask doesn't hide an area from Frigate. Objects can still be detected and tracked inside a masked area. The mask only stops motion _in that area_ from triggering object detection. If you want activity on the sidewalk to never produce a review item, define a [zone](zones.md) over the area you DO care about (your stoop, your driveway) and add it to `review.alerts.required_zones`. Frigate will still see people on the sidewalk, but it won't create an alert until they cross into the zone.
+A motion mask doesn't hide an area from Frigate. Objects can still be detected and tracked inside a masked area. The mask only stops motion _in that area_ from triggering object detection. If you want activity on the sidewalk to never produce a review item, define a [zone](zones.md) over the area you DO care about (your stoop, your driveway) and add it to [`required_zones`](zones.md#restricting-alerts-and-detections-to-specific-zones). Frigate will still see people on the sidewalk, but it won't create an alert until they cross into the zone.
 
 **"I added an object filter mask because I don't care about cars in my yard."**
-Object filter masks are for stubborn false positives at fixed locations, not for filtering whole areas or whole object types. If you only want alerts when a car enters the driveway, use a [zone](zones.md) with `required_zones`. If you don't care about a whole object type on this camera, remove it from [`objects.track`](objects.md).
+Object filter masks are for stubborn false positives at fixed locations, not for filtering whole areas or whole object types. If you only want alerts when a car enters the driveway, use a [zone](zones.md) with [`required_zones`](zones.md#restricting-alerts-and-detections-to-specific-zones). If you don't care about a whole object type on this camera, remove it from [`objects.track`](objects.md).
 
 **"I masked everything except a thin strip on my stoop."**
-Heavy masking hurts tracking. Frigate uses motion near a tracked object's previous bounding box to decide where to look in the next frame; with most of the frame masked, an object walking from an unmasked area into a masked one effectively disappears and gets picked up as a "new" object when it reappears. For example: someone walks down your sidewalk, stops under a tree (masked area) to tie their shoe, then continues. Frigate sees that as two separate people and can create two separate review items. Because Frigate needs several consecutive frames above the confidence threshold to commit to a detection, each re-appearance can also delay or miss alerts. Use `required_zones` for "only alert me about this spot" and leave the surrounding area unmasked so tracking stays intact.
+Heavy masking hurts tracking. Frigate uses motion near a tracked object's previous bounding box to decide where to look in the next frame; with most of the frame masked, an object walking from an unmasked area into a masked one effectively disappears and gets picked up as a "new" object when it reappears. For example: someone walks down your sidewalk, stops under a tree (masked area) to tie their shoe, then continues. Frigate sees that as two separate people and can create two separate review items. Because Frigate needs several consecutive frames above the confidence threshold to commit to a detection, each re-appearance can also delay or miss alerts. Use [`required_zones`](zones.md#restricting-alerts-and-detections-to-specific-zones) for "only alert me about this spot" and leave the surrounding area unmasked so tracking stays intact.

docs/docs/configuration/motion_detection.md

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import NavPath from "@site/src/components/NavPath";
 
 Frigate uses motion detection as a first line check to see if there is anything happening in the frame worth checking with object detection.
 
-Once motion is detected, it tries to group up nearby areas of motion together in hopes of identifying a rectangle in the image that will capture the area worth inspecting. These are the red "motion boxes" you see in the debug viewer.
+Once motion is detected, it tries to group up nearby areas of motion together in hopes of identifying a rectangle in the image that will capture the area worth inspecting. These are the red "motion boxes" you see in the [debug viewer](/usage/live#the-single-camera-view).
 
 ## The Goal
 

docs/docs/configuration/object_filters.md

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import ConfigTabs from "@site/src/components/ConfigTabs";
 import TabItem from "@theme/TabItem";
 import NavPath from "@site/src/components/NavPath";
 
-There are several types of object filters that can be used to reduce false positive rates.
+There are several types of object filters that can be used to reduce [false positive](/frigate/glossary#false-positive) rates.
 
 ## Object Scores
 
@@ -144,8 +144,8 @@ cameras:
 
 ### Zones
 
-[Required zones](/configuration/zones.md) can be a great tool to reduce false positives that may be detected in the sky or other areas that are not of interest. The required zones will only create tracked objects for objects that enter the zone.
+[Required zones](/configuration/zones.md#restricting-alerts-and-detections-to-specific-zones) can be a great tool to reduce false positives that may be detected in the sky or other areas that are not of interest. The required zones will only create tracked objects for objects that enter the zone.
 
 ### Object Masks
 
-[Object Filter Masks](/configuration/masks) are a last resort but can be useful when false positives are in the relatively same place but can not be filtered due to their size or shape. Object filter masks can be configured in <NavPath path="Settings > Camera configuration > Masks / Zones" />.
+[Object Filter Masks](/configuration/masks#object-filter-masks) are a last resort but can be useful when false positives are in the relatively same place but can not be filtered due to their size or shape. Object filter masks can be configured in <NavPath path="Settings > Camera configuration > Masks / Zones" />.

docs/docs/configuration/profiles.md

@@ -235,3 +235,9 @@ When you delete a base zone or mask in the Frigate UI, any profile overrides for
 ### Why are some settings missing when I configure a profile override?
 
 Fields that require a Frigate restart to take effect cannot be overridden by profiles, since profiles are applied at runtime without restarting. Those fields are hidden when editing a profile override and can only be changed on the base configuration.
+
+### Can I schedule profiles to be enabled or disabled at certain times?
+
+Not within Frigate itself. Frigate is an NVR, not an automation platform, so it intentionally does not include a scheduler for activating profiles. Instead, activate profiles from an automation platform that already handles time- and event-based triggers well, such as [Home Assistant](https://www.home-assistant.io/) or [Node-RED](https://nodered.org/). These integrate with Frigate and give you far more robust and flexible scheduling than a built-in scheduler could.
+
+If you prefer something lightweight, a simple script driven by a cron job that toggles profiles on a schedule works too.

docs/docs/configuration/review.md

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ In 0.14 and later, all of that is bundled into a single review item which starts
 
 ## Alerts and Detections
 
-Not every segment of video captured by Frigate may be of the same level of interest to you. Video of people who enter your property may be a different priority than those walking by on the sidewalk. For this reason, Frigate categorizes review items as _alerts_ and _detections_. By default, all person and car objects are considered alerts. You can refine categorization of your review items by configuring required zones for them.
+Not every segment of video captured by Frigate may be of the same level of interest to you. Video of people who enter your property may be a different priority than those walking by on the sidewalk. For this reason, Frigate categorizes review items as _alerts_ and _detections_. By default, all person and car objects are considered alerts. You can refine categorization of your review items by configuring [required zones](/configuration/zones#restricting-alerts-and-detections-to-specific-zones) for them.
 
 :::note
 

docs/docs/configuration/zones.md

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ Zones cannot have the same name as a camera. If desired, a single zone can inclu
 
 Zones can be toggled on or off without removing them from the configuration. Disabled zones are completely ignored at runtime - objects will not be tracked for zone presence, and zones will not appear in the debug view. This is useful for temporarily disabling a zone during certain seasons or times of day without modifying the configuration.
 
-During testing, enable the Zones option for the Debug view of your camera (Settings --> Debug) so you can adjust as needed. The zone line will increase in thickness when any object enters the zone.
+During testing, enable the Zones option for the [Debug view](/usage/live#the-single-camera-view) of your camera so you can adjust as needed. The zone line will increase in thickness when any object enters the zone.
 
 ## Creating a Zone
 
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > Camera configuration > Review" />.
 
 | Field                              | Description                                                                               |
 | ---------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
-| **Alerts config > Required zones** | Zones that an object must enter to be considered an alert; leave empty to allow any zone. |
+| **Alerts config > Required zones** | Set to `entire_yard` so an object must enter that zone to be considered an alert; leave empty to allow alerts anywhere in the frame. |
 
 </TabItem>
 <TabItem value="yaml">
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ cameras:
 </TabItem>
 </ConfigTabs>
 
-You may also want to filter detections to only be created when an object enters a secondary area of interest. For example, to trigger alerts when an object enters the inner area of the yard but detections when an object enters the edge of the yard:
+You may also want to filter detections to only be created when an object enters a secondary area of interest. For example, to trigger alerts when an object enters the inner area of the yard (an `inner_yard` zone) but detections when an object enters the edge of the yard (an `edge_yard` zone):
 
 <ConfigTabs>
 <TabItem value="ui">
@@ -91,8 +91,8 @@ Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > Camera configuration > Review" />.
 
 | Field                                  | Description                                                                                  |
 | -------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
-| **Alerts config > Required zones**     | Zones that an object must enter to be considered an alert; leave empty to allow any zone.    |
-| **Detections config > Required zones** | Zones that an object must enter to be considered a detection; leave empty to allow any zone. |
+| **Alerts config > Required zones**     | Set to `inner_yard` so an object must enter that zone to be considered an alert; leave empty to allow alerts anywhere in the frame.       |
+| **Detections config > Required zones** | Set to `edge_yard` so an object must enter that zone to be considered a detection; leave empty to allow detections anywhere in the frame. |
 
 </TabItem>
 <TabItem value="yaml">
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ cameras:
 
 ### Restricting snapshots to specific zones
 
-To only save snapshots when an object enters a specific zone:
+To only save snapshots when an object enters a specific zone, for example an `entire_yard` zone:
 
 <ConfigTabs>
 <TabItem value="ui">

docs/docs/frigate/camera_setup.md

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ Larger resolutions **do** improve performance if the objects are very small in t
 
 :::warning
 
-Most users who raise `detect.fps` above the default don't need to. Increasing it consumes more CPU/GPU (detection load scales directly with the frame rate) while providing **no benefit to tracking** once objects are already being followed smoothly. Leave it at **5** unless you have a specific scene that fails the test below, and confirm any change actually helps in the debug view.
+Most users who raise `detect.fps` above the default don't need to. Increasing it consumes more CPU/GPU (detection load scales directly with the frame rate) while providing **no benefit to tracking** once objects are already being followed smoothly. Leave it at **5** unless you have a specific scene that fails the test below, and confirm any change actually helps in the [debug view](/usage/live#the-single-camera-view).
 
 :::
 

docs/docs/frigate/glossary.md

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ A property detected on an [object](#object) that exists alongside its [label](#l
 
 ## Bounding Box
 
-A box returned by the object detection [model](#model) that outlines a detected [object](#object) in the frame. In the Debug view, bounding boxes are colored by object [label](#label).
+A box returned by the object detection [model](#model) that outlines a detected [object](#object) in the frame. In the [Debug view](/usage/live#the-single-camera-view), bounding boxes are colored by object [label](#label).
 
 ### Bounding Box Colors
 

docs/docs/guides/getting_started.md

@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ Restart Frigate and you should start seeing detections for `person`. If you want
 
 ### Step 5: Setup motion masks
 
-Now that you have optimized your configuration for decoding the video stream, you will want to check to see where to implement motion masks. Click on the camera from the main dashboard, then select the gear icon in the top right, enable Debug View, and finally enable the switch for Motion Boxes. Watch for areas that continuously trigger unwanted motion to be detected. Common areas to mask include camera timestamps and trees that frequently blow in the wind. The goal is to avoid wasting object detection cycles looking at these areas.
+Now that you have optimized your configuration for decoding the video stream, you will want to check to see where to implement motion masks. Click on the camera from the main dashboard, then select the gear icon in the top right, enable the [Debug view](/usage/live#the-single-camera-view), and finally enable the switch for Motion Boxes. Watch for areas that continuously trigger unwanted motion to be detected. Common areas to mask include camera timestamps and trees that frequently blow in the wind. The goal is to avoid wasting object detection cycles looking at these areas.
 
 Use the mask editor to draw polygon masks directly on the camera feed. Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > Camera configuration > Masks / Zones" /> and set up a motion mask over the area. More information about masks can be found [here](../configuration/masks.md).
 

docs/docs/integrations/third_party_extensions.md

@@ -31,6 +31,10 @@ This is a fork (with fixed errors and new features) of [original Double Take](ht
 
 [Frigate Notify](https://github.com/0x2142/frigate-notify) is a simple app designed to send notifications from Frigate to your favorite platforms. Intended to be used with standalone Frigate installations - Home Assistant not required, MQTT is optional but recommended.
 
+## [Frigate Notify Alert](https://github.com/Sysoev86/frigate-notify-alert)
+
+[Frigate Notify Alert](https://github.com/Sysoev86/frigate-notify-alert) sends Frigate events to Telegram as a photo + video media group. It supports multiple camera groups (each notifying its own chat), optional zone filtering (notify only when an object enters a chosen zone), and in-chat buttons to pause notifications for a set time. Works with standalone Frigate over MQTT; Home Assistant not required.
+
 ## [Frigate Snap-Sync](https://github.com/thequantumphysicist/frigate-snap-sync/)
 
 [Frigate Snap-Sync](https://github.com/thequantumphysicist/frigate-snap-sync/) is a program that works in tandem with Frigate. It responds to Frigate when a snapshot or a review is made (and more can be added), and uploads them to one or more remote server(s) of your choice.

docs/docs/troubleshooting/cpu.md

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ Choosing the right detector for your hardware is the single most important facto
 
 ### Understanding Detector Performance
 
-Frigate uses motion detection as a first-line check before running expensive object detection, as explained in the [motion detection documentation](../configuration/motion_detection). When motion is detected, Frigate creates a "region" (the green boxes in the debug viewer) and sends it to the detector. The detector's inference speed determines how many detections per second your system can handle.
+Frigate uses motion detection as a first-line check before running expensive object detection, as explained in the [motion detection documentation](../configuration/motion_detection). When motion is detected, Frigate creates a "region" (the green boxes in the [debug viewer](/usage/live#the-single-camera-view)) and sends it to the detector. The detector's inference speed determines how many detections per second your system can handle.
 
 **Calculating Detector Capacity:** Your detector has a finite capacity measured in detections per second. With an inference speed of 10ms, your detector can handle approximately 100 detections per second (1000ms / 10ms = 100).If your cameras collectively require more than this capacity, you'll experience delays, missed detections, or the system will fall behind.
 
@@ -58,7 +58,6 @@ When a single detector cannot keep up with your camera count, some detector type
 
 For detailed instructions on configuring multiple detectors, see the [Object Detectors documentation](../configuration/object_detectors).
 
-
 **When to add a second detector:**
 
 - Skipped FPS is consistently > 0 even during normal activity
@@ -70,4 +69,6 @@ The model you use significantly impacts detector performance. Frigate provides d
 **Model Size Trade-offs:**
 
 - Smaller models (320x320): Faster inference, Frigate is specifically optimized for a 320x320 size model.
-- Larger models (640x640): Slower inference, can sometimes have higher accuracy on very large objects that take up a majority of the frame.
+- Larger models (640x640): Slower inference, can sometimes have higher accuracy on very large objects that take up a majority of the frame.
+
+For more detail on picking the right size, see [Choosing a model size](../configuration/object_detectors.md#choosing-a-model-size).

docs/docs/troubleshooting/dummy-camera.md

@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ cameras:
 2. Add the temporary camera to `config/config.yml` (example above). Use a unique name such as `test` or `replay_camera` so it's easy to remove later.
    - If you're debugging a specific camera, copy the settings from that camera (frame rate, model/enrichment settings, zones, etc.) into the temporary camera so the replay closely matches the original environment. Leave `record` and `snapshots` disabled unless you are specifically debugging recording or snapshot behavior.
 3. Restart Frigate.
-4. Observe the Debug view in the UI and logs as the clip is replayed. Watch detections, zones, or any feature you're looking to debug, and note any errors in the logs to reproduce the issue.
+4. Observe the [Debug view](/usage/live#the-single-camera-view) in the UI and logs as the clip is replayed. Watch detections, zones, or any feature you're looking to debug, and note any errors in the logs to reproduce the issue.
 5. Iterate on camera or enrichment settings (model, fps, zones, filters) and re-check the replay until the behavior is resolved.
 6. Remove the temporary camera from your config after debugging to avoid spurious telemetry or recordings.
 

docs/docs/troubleshooting/faqs.md

@@ -49,9 +49,9 @@ This almost always means that the width/height defined for your camera are not c
 
 These messages in the logs are expected in certain situations. Frigate checks the integrity of the recordings before storing. Occasionally these cached files will be invalid and cleaned up automatically.
 
-### "On connect called"
+### "MQTT connected" repeats in the logs
 
-If you see repeated "On connect called" messages in your logs, check for another instance of Frigate. This happens when multiple Frigate containers are trying to connect to MQTT with the same `client_id`.
+If you see repeated "MQTT connected" messages in your logs, check for another instance of Frigate. This happens when multiple Frigate containers are trying to connect to MQTT with the same `client_id`.
 
 ### Error: Database Is Locked
 
@@ -125,11 +125,11 @@ cameras:
       height: 720
 ```
 
-### Why does Frigate keep creating new events for my parked car?
+### Why does Frigate keep creating new tracked objects for my parked car?
 
-Stationary tracking is designed to _prevent_ this — a parked car should stay one tracked object and not generate new events. If you're getting repeated events for the same car, it's likely that Frigate is losing the tracked object and re-detecting it as a new one.
+Stationary tracking is designed to _prevent_ this — a parked car should remain a single tracked object rather than generating new ones. If you're repeatedly getting new tracked objects for the same car, it's likely that Frigate is losing the object and re-detecting it as a new one.
 
-Open one of the events in Explore → **Tracking Details**. If the detection scores are low (< 70% or so), the model isn't confident the parked car is a car. This is common with the free [COCO-trained](https://cocodataset.org/#explore) object detection models on steep/top-down angles, partially occluded cars, foliage, or low-light footage. When detections fall below `min_score` for too many frames the tracker loses the object, and the next confident frame creates a brand new one.
+Open one of the tracked objects in Explore → **Tracking Details**. If the detection scores are low (< 70% or so), the model isn't confident the parked car is a car. This is common with the free [COCO-trained](https://cocodataset.org/#explore) object detection models on steep/top-down angles, partially occluded cars, foliage, or low-light footage. When detections fall below `min_score` for too many frames the tracker loses the object, and the next confident frame creates a brand new one.
 
 What helps:
 
@@ -140,3 +140,16 @@ What helps:
 - **Filter impossible locations** with [object filter masks](../configuration/masks.md#object-filter-masks) if cars are being detected on rooftops, treetops, etc.
 
 See [Object Filters](../configuration/object_filters.md) for more on tuning `min_score` and `threshold` — note that raising them too high will make this exact problem worse.
+
+### How do I correct Frigate when it detects something as the wrong object?
+
+Frigate's object detection relies on a machine learning [model](../frigate/glossary.md#model), and the free [COCO-trained](https://cocodataset.org/#explore) models that ship with Frigate can misidentify objects in scenes they weren't trained on. There are two ways to handle this, depending on whether you want to _teach_ the model or just _suppress_ the bad result.
+
+**Train or fine-tune a model with your own images.** The most durable fix is to improve the model itself. The biggest gains usually come from fine-tuning a model on images from your own cameras so it learns your specific scene. Some tools are freely available, and [Frigate+](https://frigate.video/plus) is a paid option that does this - models are trained on security-camera footage and can be fine-tuned on images you submit from your own setup. When Frigate mislabels something, open the tracked object in Explore, select the **Snapshot** tab, and use **Submit to Frigate+** to send the example with the correct label (or mark it as a [false positive](../frigate/glossary.md#false-positive)). Once you've submitted examples and [requested a model](../plus/first_model.md), the retrained model will be more accurate for your cameras. See [Submitting examples to Frigate+](../integrations/plus.md#submit-examples) for the full workflow.
+
+**Suppress the misidentification with filters.** You can use filters to stop a specific false positive from being tracked:
+
+- Tune `min_score` / `threshold`, or add `min_area` / `max_area` / `min_ratio` / `max_ratio` filters — see [Object Filters](../configuration/object_filters.md).
+- If the false positive is always in the same fixed spot (like a statue or mailbox that reads as a person), add an [object filter mask](../configuration/masks.md#object-filter-masks) over that location.
+
+Filters and masks only hide the incorrect result - they don't teach Frigate what the object actually is. For that, fine-tune your own model or use Frigate+.

docs/docs/troubleshooting/gpu.md

@@ -10,4 +10,47 @@ title: GPU Errors
 Some users have reported issues using some Intel iGPUs with OpenVINO, where the GPU would not be detected. This error can be caused by various problems, so it is important to ensure the configuration is setup correctly. Some solutions users have noted:
 
 - In some cases users have noted that an HDMI dummy plug was necessary to be plugged into the motherboard's HDMI port.
-- When mixing an Intel iGPU with Nvidia GPU, the devices can be mixed up between `/dev/dri/renderD128` and `/dev/dri/renderD129` so it is important to confirm the correct device, or map the entire `/dev/dri` directory into the Frigate container.
+- When mixing an Intel iGPU with Nvidia GPU, the devices can be mixed up between `/dev/dri/renderD128` and `/dev/dri/renderD129` so it is important to confirm the correct device, or map the entire `/dev/dri` directory into the Frigate container.
+
+## Intel/AMD GPU
+
+### Hardware acceleration is not being used
+
+For VAAPI or QSV to work, the GPU's render device must be passed through to the Frigate container. Intel and AMD GPUs expose this as a render node under `/dev/dri`, usually `/dev/dri/renderD128`. If it is not passed through, hardware acceleration is unavailable — ffmpeg fails to initialize it (for example `Failed to open the drm device` or `No VA display found for device`) and GPU usage stays at zero while CPU usage remains high.
+
+Pass the render device through when starting the container. With `docker compose`:
+
+```yaml
+services:
+  frigate:
+    devices:
+      - /dev/dri/renderD128:/dev/dri/renderD128 # Intel / AMD GPU, update for your hardware
+```
+
+Or with `docker run`, add `--device /dev/dri/renderD128`. See the [installation docs](/frigate/installation) for a complete example.
+
+If it still isn't working after passing the device through:
+
+- **Confirm the render node exists and is the correct one.** Run `ls /dev/dri` on the host — you should see one or more `renderD12X` entries. Systems with more than one GPU (an Intel iGPU plus a discrete GPU) can expose both `/dev/dri/renderD128` and `/dev/dri/renderD129`, and the numbering is not guaranteed. Pass through the correct node, or map the entire directory (`/dev/dri:/dev/dri`, or `--device /dev/dri`) so all render nodes are available.
+- **Check device permissions.** The Frigate process must be able to access the render node. This is usually automatic when the container runs as root (the default), but nested setups such as an unprivileged Proxmox/LXC container often require making the device accessible on the host (for example, a world-readable render node) or running the container privileged. Note that running Frigate inside an LXC is not officially supported — see the [installation docs](/frigate/installation#proxmox) for details.
+
+### Failed to download frame: -5
+
+When using VAAPI or QSV hardware acceleration, ffmpeg may crash and restart periodically with a signature like this in the `ffmpeg.<camera>.detect` log:
+
+```
+[AVHWFramesContext @ 0x...] Failed to sync surface ... (operation failed).
+[hwdownload @ 0x...] Failed to download frame: -5.
+[vf#0:0 @ 0x...] Error while filtering: Input/output error
+[vf#0:0 @ 0x...] Task finished with error code: -5 (Input/output error)
+[frigate.video] <camera>: Unable to read frames from ffmpeg process.
+```
+
+This is a hardware frame synchronization failure between ffmpeg and the GPU driver, not a Frigate bug. It comes from how a specific camera stream interacts with the GPU's decode and scaling path, so it is highly dependent on your hardware, driver, and stream. Frigate's automatic hardware acceleration detection is a best-guess effort, so the fix is usually to tune the configuration for your specific hardware and camera. The solutions below are ordered from most to least likely to help:
+
+- **Switch between the VAAPI and QSV presets.** On Intel Gen 12 and newer iGPUs, `preset-intel-qsv-h264` / `preset-intel-qsv-h265` is often more stable than the auto-detected `preset-vaapi`. See the [hardware acceleration docs](/configuration/hardware_acceleration_video.md#intel-based-cpus) for the recommended preset for your Intel generation.
+- **Try a different VAAPI driver.** The default driver is `iHD`. On older Intel CPUs, `LIBVA_DRIVER_NAME=i965` can be more stable; on AMD GPUs use `LIBVA_DRIVER_NAME=radeonsi`. See [the hardware acceleration docs](/configuration/hardware_acceleration_video.md#intel-based-cpus) for how to set the driver.
+- **Use a codec that decodes more reliably.** H.265/HEVC streams may trigger this error far more often than H.264 depending on your CPU generation. If your camera exposes a separate sub-stream, assign an H.264 stream to the `detect` role. Cameras that output full-range YUV (for example some Hikvision models) are especially prone to it.
+- **Match the detect resolution to the stream resolution.** When the `detect` resolution differs from the stream, Frigate inserts a GPU scaling filter (`scale_vaapi`), which is where these surface-sync failures can often originate. Set the `detect` `width` and `height` to match the exact resolution of the stream assigned the `detect` role.
+- **Match the detect `fps` to the camera stream.** Aggressively dropping frames (for example `detect` `fps: 1` on a stream that runs at 15 fps) can cause timing mismatches in the GPU's frame buffer. Lower the sub-stream's frame rate on the camera itself instead of dropping most frames in Frigate.
+- **Fall back to software decoding.** If none of the above resolve it, remove the preset for that camera (`hwaccel_args: []`). Hardware decoding is only an optimization — on a capable CPU, software-decoding a low-resolution sub-stream is inexpensive and gives a stable detect pipeline.

frigate/__main__.py

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import multiprocessing as mp
 import signal
 import sys
 import threading
-from typing import Union
 
 import ruamel.yaml
 from pydantic import ValidationError
@@ -54,7 +53,7 @@ def main() -> None:
         print("*************************************************************\n")
         # Attempt to get the original config file for line number tracking
         config_path = find_config_file()
-        with open(config_path, "r") as f:
+        with open(config_path) as f:
             yaml_config = ruamel.yaml.YAML()
             yaml_config.preserve_quotes = True
             full_config = yaml_config.load(f)
@@ -68,7 +67,7 @@ def main() -> None:
 
             try:
                 for i, part in enumerate(error_path):
-                    key: Union[int, str] = (
+                    key: int | str = (
                         int(part) if isinstance(part, str) and part.isdigit() else part
                     )
 

frigate/api/app.py

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ from datetime import datetime, timedelta
 from functools import reduce
 from io import StringIO
 from pathlib import Path as FilePath
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional
+from typing import Any
 
 import aiofiles
 import ruamel.yaml
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ def version():
 @router.get("/stats", dependencies=[Depends(allow_any_authenticated())])
 def stats(
     request: Request,
-    allowed_cameras: List[str] = Depends(get_allowed_cameras_for_filter),
+    allowed_cameras: list[str] = Depends(get_allowed_cameras_for_filter),
 ):
     stats_data = request.app.stats_emitter.get_latest_stats()
 
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ def metrics(request: Request):
     # Retrieve the latest statistics and update the Prometheus metrics
     stats = request.app.stats_emitter.get_latest_stats()
     # query DB for count of events by camera, label
-    event_counts: List[Dict[str, Any]] = (
+    event_counts: list[dict[str, Any]] = (
         Event.select(Event.camera, Event.label, fn.Count())
         .group_by(Event.camera, Event.label)
         .dicts()
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ async def genai_probe(body: GenAIProbeBody):
             asyncio.to_thread(client.list_models),
             timeout=_PROBE_OUTER_TIMEOUT_SECONDS,
         )
-    except asyncio.TimeoutError:
+    except TimeoutError:
         return JSONResponse(
             content={"success": False, "message": "Probe timed out"},
         )
@@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ def config(request: Request):
         if model_path:
             model_json_path = FilePath(model_path).with_suffix(".json")
             try:
-                with open(model_json_path, "r") as f:
+                with open(model_json_path) as f:
                     model_plus_data = json.load(f)
                 config["model"]["plus"] = model_plus_data
             except FileNotFoundError:
@@ -502,7 +502,7 @@ def config_raw():
             status_code=404,
         )
 
-    with open(config_file, "r") as f:
+    with open(config_file) as f:
         raw_config = f.read()
         f.close()
 
@@ -807,7 +807,7 @@ def config_set(request: Request, body: AppConfigSetBody):
 
     try:
         with lock:
-            with open(config_file, "r") as f:
+            with open(config_file) as f:
                 old_raw_config = f.read()
 
             try:
@@ -854,7 +854,7 @@ def config_set(request: Request, body: AppConfigSetBody):
                 update_yaml_file_bulk(config_file, updates)
 
                 # validate the updated config
-                with open(config_file, "r") as f:
+                with open(config_file) as f:
                     new_raw_config = f.read()
 
                 try:
@@ -1028,16 +1028,16 @@ def nvinfo():
 )
 async def logs(
     service: str = Path(enum=["frigate", "nginx", "go2rtc"]),
-    download: Optional[str] = None,
-    stream: Optional[bool] = False,
-    start: Optional[int] = 0,
-    end: Optional[int] = None,
+    download: str | None = None,
+    stream: bool | None = False,
+    start: int | None = 0,
+    end: int | None = None,
 ):
     """Get logs for the requested service (frigate/nginx/go2rtc)"""
 
     def download_logs(service_location: str):
         try:
-            file = open(service_location, "r")
+            file = open(service_location)
             contents = file.read()
             file.close()
             return JSONResponse(jsonable_encoder(contents))
@@ -1052,7 +1052,7 @@ async def logs(
         """Asynchronously stream log lines."""
         buffer = ""
         try:
-            async with aiofiles.open(file_path, "r") as file:
+            async with aiofiles.open(file_path) as file:
                 await file.seek(0, 2)
                 while True:
                     line = await file.readline()
@@ -1090,7 +1090,7 @@ async def logs(
 
     # For full logs initially
     try:
-        async with aiofiles.open(service_location, "r") as file:
+        async with aiofiles.open(service_location) as file:
             contents = await file.read()
 
         total_lines, log_lines = process_logs(contents, service, start, end)
@@ -1231,7 +1231,7 @@ def get_media_sync_status(job_id: str):
 @router.get("/labels", dependencies=[Depends(allow_any_authenticated())])
 def get_labels(
     camera: str = "",
-    allowed_cameras: List[str] = Depends(get_allowed_cameras_for_filter),
+    allowed_cameras: list[str] = Depends(get_allowed_cameras_for_filter),
 ):
     try:
         if camera:
@@ -1263,8 +1263,8 @@ def get_labels(
 
 @router.get("/sub_labels", dependencies=[Depends(allow_any_authenticated())])
 def get_sub_labels(
-    split_joined: Optional[int] = None,
-    allowed_cameras: List[str] = Depends(get_allowed_cameras_for_filter),
+    split_joined: int | None = None,
+    allowed_cameras: list[str] = Depends(get_allowed_cameras_for_filter),
 ):
     try:
         events = (
@@ -1351,8 +1351,8 @@ def plusModels(request: Request, filterByCurrentModelDetector: bool = False):
     "/recognized_license_plates", dependencies=[Depends(allow_any_authenticated())]
 )
 def get_recognized_license_plates(
-    split_joined: Optional[int] = None,
-    allowed_cameras: List[str] = Depends(get_allowed_cameras_for_filter),
+    split_joined: int | None = None,
+    allowed_cameras: list[str] = Depends(get_allowed_cameras_for_filter),
 ):
     try:
         query = (
@@ -1393,8 +1393,8 @@ def get_recognized_license_plates(
 def timeline(
     camera: str = "all",
     limit: int = 100,
-    source_id: Optional[str] = None,
-    allowed_cameras: List[str] = Depends(get_allowed_cameras_for_filter),
+    source_id: str | None = None,
+    allowed_cameras: list[str] = Depends(get_allowed_cameras_for_filter),
 ):
     clauses = []
 
@@ -1408,20 +1408,20 @@ def timeline(
     ]
 
     if camera != "all":
-        clauses.append((Timeline.camera == camera))
+        clauses.append(Timeline.camera == camera)
 
     if source_id:
         source_ids = [sid.strip() for sid in source_id.split(",")]
         if len(source_ids) == 1:
-            clauses.append((Timeline.source_id == source_ids[0]))
+            clauses.append(Timeline.source_id == source_ids[0])
         else:
-            clauses.append((Timeline.source_id.in_(source_ids)))
+            clauses.append(Timeline.source_id.in_(source_ids))
 
     # Enforce per-camera access control
-    clauses.append((Timeline.camera << allowed_cameras))
+    clauses.append(Timeline.camera << allowed_cameras)
 
     if len(clauses) == 0:
-        clauses.append((True))
+        clauses.append(True)
 
     timeline = (
         Timeline.select(*selected_columns)
@@ -1437,7 +1437,7 @@ def timeline(
 @router.get("/timeline/hourly", dependencies=[Depends(allow_any_authenticated())])
 def hourly_timeline(
     params: AppTimelineHourlyQueryParameters = Depends(),
-    allowed_cameras: List[str] = Depends(get_allowed_cameras_for_filter),
+    allowed_cameras: list[str] = Depends(get_allowed_cameras_for_filter),
 ):
     """Get hourly summary for timeline."""
     cameras = params.cameras
@@ -1454,23 +1454,23 @@ def hourly_timeline(
 
     if cameras != "all":
         camera_list = cameras.split(",")
-        clauses.append((Timeline.camera << camera_list))
+        clauses.append(Timeline.camera << camera_list)
 
     # Enforce per-camera access control
-    clauses.append((Timeline.camera << allowed_cameras))
+    clauses.append(Timeline.camera << allowed_cameras)
 
     if labels != "all":
         label_list = labels.split(",")
-        clauses.append((Timeline.data["label"] << label_list))
+        clauses.append(Timeline.data["label"] << label_list)
 
     if before:
-        clauses.append((Timeline.timestamp < before))
+        clauses.append(Timeline.timestamp < before)
 
     if after:
-        clauses.append((Timeline.timestamp > after))
+        clauses.append(Timeline.timestamp > after)
 
     if len(clauses) == 0:
-        clauses.append((True))
+        clauses.append(True)
 
     timeline = (
         Timeline.select(

frigate/api/auth.py

@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ import secrets
 import time
 from datetime import datetime
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import List, Optional
 from urllib.parse import parse_qs, urlparse
 
 from fastapi import APIRouter, Depends, HTTPException, Request, Response
@@ -254,7 +253,14 @@ rateLimiter = RateLimiter()
 
 
 def get_remote_addr(request: Request):
-    route = list(reversed(request.headers.get("x-forwarded-for").split(",")))
+    # fall back to the direct TCP peer when no proxy chain is present
+    direct_addr = request.client.host if request.client else None
+
+    forwarded_for = request.headers.get("x-forwarded-for")
+    if not forwarded_for:
+        return direct_addr or "127.0.0.1"
+
+    route = list(reversed(forwarded_for.split(",")))
     logger.debug(f"IP Route: {[r for r in route]}")
     trusted_proxies = []
     for proxy in request.app.frigate_config.auth.trusted_proxies:
@@ -291,13 +297,8 @@ def get_remote_addr(request: Request):
             logger.debug(f"First untrusted IP: {str(ip)}")
             return str(ip)
 
-    # if there wasn't anything in the route, just return the default
-    remote_addr = None
-
-    if hasattr(request, "remote_addr"):
-        remote_addr = request.remote_addr
-
-    return remote_addr or "127.0.0.1"
+    # every hop in the route was trusted, so fall back to the direct peer
+    return direct_addr or "127.0.0.1"
 
 
 def _cleanup_first_load_seen() -> None:
@@ -388,7 +389,7 @@ def verify_password(password, password_hash):
     return secrets.compare_digest(password_hash, compare_hash)
 
 
-def validate_password_strength(password: str) -> tuple[bool, Optional[str]]:
+def validate_password_strength(password: str) -> tuple[bool, str | None]:
     """
     Validate password strength.
 
@@ -416,6 +417,12 @@ def create_encoded_jwt(user, role, expiration, secret):
 
 def set_jwt_cookie(response: Response, cookie_name, encoded_jwt, expiration, secure):
     # TODO: ideally this would set secure as well, but that requires TLS
+    # SameSite is intentionally left unset (browsers default to Lax). Setting
+    # SameSite=Lax/Strict would stop the cookie from being sent in cross-origin
+    # iframes, breaking embedded views such as the Home Assistant Frigate card.
+    # CSRF is instead mitigated by requiring a custom X-CSRF-TOKEN header, which
+    # cross-origin pages cannot set without a CORS preflight that Frigate never
+    # grants (see check_csrf in api/fastapi_app.py).
     response.set_cookie(
         key=cookie_name,
         value=encoded_jwt,
@@ -437,7 +444,7 @@ async def get_current_user(request: Request):
     return {"username": username, "role": role}
 
 
-def require_role(required_roles: List[str]):
+def require_role(required_roles: list[str]):
     async def role_checker(request: Request):
         proxy_config: ProxyConfig = request.app.frigate_config.proxy
         config_roles = list(request.app.frigate_config.auth.roles.keys())
@@ -1075,7 +1082,7 @@ async def update_role(
 
 
 async def require_camera_access(
-    camera_name: Optional[str] = None,
+    camera_name: str | None = None,
     request: Request = None,
 ):
     """Dependency to enforce camera access based on user role."""
@@ -1140,8 +1147,8 @@ GO2RTC_STREAM_PROXY_PATHS = frozenset(
 
 
 def deny_response_for_go2rtc_stream(
-    original_url: Optional[str], role: Optional[str], request: Request
-) -> Optional[int]:
+    original_url: str | None, role: str | None, request: Request
+) -> int | None:
     """Block role-restricted users from go2rtc live streams they cannot access.
 
     Returns 403 when any `src` stream named in `original_url` resolves to a
@@ -1186,7 +1193,7 @@ def deny_response_for_go2rtc_stream(
 
 
 async def require_go2rtc_stream_access(
-    stream_name: Optional[str] = None,
+    stream_name: str | None = None,
     request: Request = None,
 ):
     """Dependency to enforce go2rtc stream access based on owning camera access."""

frigate/api/camera.py

@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ def _is_valid_host(host: str) -> bool:
 
 @router.get("/go2rtc/streams", dependencies=[Depends(allow_any_authenticated())])
 async def go2rtc_streams(request: Request):
-    r = requests.get("http://127.0.0.1:1984/api/streams")
+    r = await asyncio.to_thread(requests.get, "http://127.0.0.1:1984/api/streams")
     if not r.ok:
         logger.error("Failed to fetch streams from go2rtc")
         return JSONResponse(
@@ -1187,14 +1187,14 @@ async def delete_camera(
 
     try:
         with lock:
-            with open(config_file, "r") as f:
+            with open(config_file) as f:
                 old_raw_config = f.read()
 
             try:
                 yaml = YAML()
                 yaml.indent(mapping=2, sequence=4, offset=2)
 
-                with open(config_file, "r") as f:
+                with open(config_file) as f:
                     data = yaml.load(f)
 
                 # Remove camera from config
@@ -1223,7 +1223,7 @@ async def delete_camera(
                 with open(config_file, "w") as f:
                     yaml.dump(data, f)
 
-                with open(config_file, "r") as f:
+                with open(config_file) as f:
                     new_raw_config = f.read()
 
                 try:
@@ -1285,7 +1285,8 @@ async def delete_camera(
 
     # Best-effort go2rtc stream removal
     try:
-        requests.delete(
+        await asyncio.to_thread(
+            requests.delete,
             "http://127.0.0.1:1984/api/streams",
             params={"src": camera_name},
             timeout=5,

frigate/api/chat.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import operator
 import time
 from datetime import datetime
 from functools import reduce
-from typing import Any, Optional
+from typing import Any
 
 import cv2
 from fastapi import APIRouter, Body, Depends, HTTPException, Request
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ async def _execute_search_objects(
         # Return it as-is for the LLM
         return response
     except Exception as e:
-        logger.error(f"Error executing search_objects: {e}", exc_info=True)
+        logger.exception(f"Error executing search_objects: {e}")
         return JSONResponse(
             content={
                 "success": False,
@@ -611,7 +611,7 @@ async def _execute_get_live_context(
         return result
 
     except Exception as e:
-        logger.error(f"Error executing get_live_context: {e}", exc_info=True)
+        logger.exception(f"Error executing get_live_context: {e}")
         return {
             "error": "Error getting live context",
         }
@@ -621,7 +621,7 @@ async def _get_live_frame_image_url(
     request: Request,
     camera: str,
     allowed_cameras: list[str],
-) -> Optional[str]:
+) -> str | None:
     """
     Fetch the current live frame for a camera as a base64 data URL.
 
@@ -801,7 +801,7 @@ async def _execute_start_camera_watch(
             zones=zones,
         )
     except RuntimeError as e:
-        logger.error("Failed to start VLM watch job: %s", e, exc_info=True)
+        logger.exception("Failed to start VLM watch job: %s", e)
         return {"error": "Failed to start VLM watch job."}
 
     return {
@@ -979,7 +979,7 @@ def _execute_get_recap(
 
         return {"events": events}
     except Exception as e:
-        logger.error("Error executing get_recap: %s", e, exc_info=True)
+        logger.exception("Error executing get_recap: %s", e)
         return {"error": "Failed to fetch recap data."}
 
 
@@ -1072,13 +1072,12 @@ async def _execute_pending_tools(
                 }
             )
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(
+            logger.exception(
                 "Error executing tool %s (id: %s): %s. Arguments: %s",
                 tool_name,
                 tool_call_id,
                 e,
                 json.dumps(tool_args),
-                exc_info=True,
             )
             error_content = json.dumps({"error": f"Tool execution failed: {str(e)}"})
             tool_calls_out.append(
@@ -1186,7 +1185,7 @@ async def chat_completion(
         async def stream_body_llm():
             nonlocal conversation, stream_iterations
 
-            def _emit_chain(extra: Optional[list[dict[str, Any]]] = None):
+            def _emit_chain(extra: list[dict[str, Any]] | None = None):
                 # Return the full conversation (including the system message) so
                 # the client persists and replays it verbatim next turn.
                 chain = conversation + (extra or [])
@@ -1414,7 +1413,7 @@ async def chat_completion(
         )
 
     except Exception as e:
-        logger.error(f"Error in chat completion: {e}", exc_info=True)
+        logger.exception(f"Error in chat completion: {e}")
         return JSONResponse(
             content={
                 "error": "An error occurred while processing your request.",
@@ -1477,7 +1476,7 @@ async def start_vlm_monitor(
             username=request.headers.get("remote-user", ""),
         )
     except RuntimeError as e:
-        logger.error("Failed to start VLM watch job: %s", e, exc_info=True)
+        logger.exception("Failed to start VLM watch job: %s", e)
         return JSONResponse(
             content={"success": False, "message": "Failed to start VLM watch job."},
             status_code=409,

frigate/api/chat_util.py

@@ -9,8 +9,9 @@ loop state — all inputs and outputs are plain data.
 import logging
 import math
 import time
+from collections.abc import Generator
 from datetime import datetime
-from typing import Any, Dict, Generator, List, Optional
+from typing import Any
 
 from frigate.embeddings.util import ZScoreNormalization
 from frigate.models import Event
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ def chunk_content(content: str, chunk_size: int = 80) -> Generator[str, None, No
     if not content:
         return
     words = content.split(" ")
-    current: List[str] = []
+    current: list[str] = []
     current_len = 0
     for w in words:
         current.append(w)
@@ -44,8 +45,8 @@ def chunk_content(content: str, chunk_size: int = 80) -> Generator[str, None, No
 
 
 def format_events_with_local_time(
-    events_list: List[Dict[str, Any]],
-) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
+    events_list: list[dict[str, Any]],
+) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
     """Add human-readable local start/end times to each event for the LLM."""
     result = []
     for evt in events_list:
@@ -84,9 +85,9 @@ def distance_to_score(distance: float, stats: ZScoreNormalization) -> float:
 
 
 def fuse_scores(
-    visual_score: Optional[float],
-    description_score: Optional[float],
-) -> Optional[float]:
+    visual_score: float | None,
+    description_score: float | None,
+) -> float | None:
     """Weighted fusion of visual and description similarity scores.
 
     If one side is missing (e.g., no description embedding for this event),
@@ -102,7 +103,7 @@ def fuse_scores(
     return VISUAL_WEIGHT * visual_score + DESCRIPTION_WEIGHT * description_score
 
 
-def parse_iso_to_timestamp(value: Optional[str]) -> Optional[float]:
+def parse_iso_to_timestamp(value: str | None) -> float | None:
     """Parse an ISO-8601 string as server-local time -> unix timestamp.
 
     Mirrors the parsing _execute_search_objects uses so both tools accept the
@@ -119,9 +120,9 @@ def parse_iso_to_timestamp(value: Optional[str]) -> Optional[float]:
         return None
 
 
-def hydrate_event(event: Event, score: Optional[float] = None) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+def hydrate_event(event: Event, score: float | None = None) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """Convert an Event row into the dict shape returned by find_similar_objects."""
-    data: Dict[str, Any] = {
+    data: dict[str, Any] = {
         "id": event.id,
         "camera": event.camera,
         "label": event.label,

frigate/api/defs/query/app_query_parameters.py

@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
-from typing import Optional
-
 from pydantic import BaseModel
 
 
 class AppTimelineHourlyQueryParameters(BaseModel):
-    cameras: Optional[str] = "all"
-    labels: Optional[str] = "all"
-    after: Optional[float] = None
-    before: Optional[float] = None
-    limit: Optional[int] = 200
-    timezone: Optional[str] = "utc"
+    cameras: str | None = "all"
+    labels: str | None = "all"
+    after: float | None = None
+    before: float | None = None
+    limit: int | None = 200
+    timezone: str | None = "utc"

frigate/api/defs/query/events_query_parameters.py

@@ -1,28 +1,26 @@
-from typing import Optional
-
 from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
 
 DEFAULT_TIME_RANGE = "00:00,24:00"
 
 
 class EventsQueryParams(BaseModel):
-    camera: Optional[str] = "all"
-    cameras: Optional[str] = "all"
-    label: Optional[str] = "all"
-    labels: Optional[str] = "all"
-    sub_label: Optional[str] = "all"
-    sub_labels: Optional[str] = "all"
-    attributes: Optional[str] = "all"
-    zone: Optional[str] = "all"
-    zones: Optional[str] = "all"
-    limit: Optional[int] = 100
-    after: Optional[float] = None
-    before: Optional[float] = None
-    time_range: Optional[str] = DEFAULT_TIME_RANGE
-    has_clip: Optional[int] = None
-    has_snapshot: Optional[int] = None
-    in_progress: Optional[int] = None
-    include_thumbnails: Optional[int] = Field(
+    camera: str | None = "all"
+    cameras: str | None = "all"
+    label: str | None = "all"
+    labels: str | None = "all"
+    sub_label: str | None = "all"
+    sub_labels: str | None = "all"
+    attributes: str | None = "all"
+    zone: str | None = "all"
+    zones: str | None = "all"
+    limit: int | None = 100
+    after: float | None = None
+    before: float | None = None
+    time_range: str | None = DEFAULT_TIME_RANGE
+    has_clip: int | None = None
+    has_snapshot: int | None = None
+    in_progress: int | None = None
+    include_thumbnails: int | None = Field(
         1,
         description=(
             "Deprecated. Thumbnail data is no longer included in the response. "
@@ -30,25 +28,25 @@ class EventsQueryParams(BaseModel):
         ),
         deprecated=True,
     )
-    favorites: Optional[int] = None
-    min_score: Optional[float] = None
-    max_score: Optional[float] = None
-    min_speed: Optional[float] = None
-    max_speed: Optional[float] = None
-    recognized_license_plate: Optional[str] = "all"
-    is_submitted: Optional[int] = None
-    min_length: Optional[float] = None
-    max_length: Optional[float] = None
-    event_id: Optional[str] = None
-    sort: Optional[str] = None
-    timezone: Optional[str] = "utc"
+    favorites: int | None = None
+    min_score: float | None = None
+    max_score: float | None = None
+    min_speed: float | None = None
+    max_speed: float | None = None
+    recognized_license_plate: str | None = "all"
+    is_submitted: int | None = None
+    min_length: float | None = None
+    max_length: float | None = None
+    event_id: str | None = None
+    sort: str | None = None
+    timezone: str | None = "utc"
 
 
 class EventsSearchQueryParams(BaseModel):
-    query: Optional[str] = None
-    event_id: Optional[str] = None
-    search_type: Optional[str] = "thumbnail"
-    include_thumbnails: Optional[int] = Field(
+    query: str | None = None
+    event_id: str | None = None
+    search_type: str | None = "thumbnail"
+    include_thumbnails: int | None = Field(
         1,
         description=(
             "Deprecated. Thumbnail data is no longer included in the response. "
@@ -56,28 +54,28 @@ class EventsSearchQueryParams(BaseModel):
         ),
         deprecated=True,
     )
-    limit: Optional[int] = 50
-    cameras: Optional[str] = "all"
-    labels: Optional[str] = "all"
-    sub_labels: Optional[str] = "all"
-    attributes: Optional[str] = "all"
-    zones: Optional[str] = "all"
-    after: Optional[float] = None
-    before: Optional[float] = None
-    time_range: Optional[str] = DEFAULT_TIME_RANGE
-    has_clip: Optional[bool] = None
-    has_snapshot: Optional[bool] = None
-    is_submitted: Optional[bool] = None
-    timezone: Optional[str] = "utc"
-    min_score: Optional[float] = None
-    max_score: Optional[float] = None
-    min_speed: Optional[float] = None
-    max_speed: Optional[float] = None
-    recognized_license_plate: Optional[str] = "all"
-    sort: Optional[str] = None
+    limit: int | None = 50
+    cameras: str | None = "all"
+    labels: str | None = "all"
+    sub_labels: str | None = "all"
+    attributes: str | None = "all"
+    zones: str | None = "all"
+    after: float | None = None
+    before: float | None = None
+    time_range: str | None = DEFAULT_TIME_RANGE
+    has_clip: bool | None = None
+    has_snapshot: bool | None = None
+    is_submitted: bool | None = None
+    timezone: str | None = "utc"
+    min_score: float | None = None
+    max_score: float | None = None
+    min_speed: float | None = None
+    max_speed: float | None = None
+    recognized_license_plate: str | None = "all"
+    sort: str | None = None
 
 
 class EventsSummaryQueryParams(BaseModel):
-    timezone: Optional[str] = "utc"
-    has_clip: Optional[int] = None
-    has_snapshot: Optional[int] = None
+    timezone: str | None = "utc"
+    has_clip: int | None = None
+    has_snapshot: int | None = None

frigate/api/defs/query/media_query_parameters.py

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from enum import Enum
-from typing import Optional
 
 from pydantic import BaseModel
 
@@ -17,33 +16,33 @@ class Extension(str, Enum):
 
 
 class MediaLatestFrameQueryParams(BaseModel):
-    bbox: Optional[int] = None
-    timestamp: Optional[int] = None
-    zones: Optional[int] = None
-    mask: Optional[int] = None
-    motion: Optional[int] = None
-    paths: Optional[int] = None
-    regions: Optional[int] = None
-    quality: Optional[int] = 70
-    height: Optional[int] = None
-    store: Optional[int] = None
+    bbox: int | None = None
+    timestamp: int | None = None
+    zones: int | None = None
+    mask: int | None = None
+    motion: int | None = None
+    paths: int | None = None
+    regions: int | None = None
+    quality: int | None = 70
+    height: int | None = None
+    store: int | None = None
 
 
 class MediaEventsSnapshotQueryParams(BaseModel):
-    download: Optional[bool] = False
-    timestamp: Optional[int] = None
-    bbox: Optional[int] = None
-    crop: Optional[int] = None
-    height: Optional[int] = None
-    quality: Optional[int] = None
+    download: bool | None = False
+    timestamp: int | None = None
+    bbox: int | None = None
+    crop: int | None = None
+    height: int | None = None
+    quality: int | None = None
 
 
 class MediaMjpegFeedQueryParams(BaseModel):
     fps: int = 3
     height: int = 360
-    bbox: Optional[int] = None
-    timestamp: Optional[int] = None
-    zones: Optional[int] = None
-    mask: Optional[int] = None
-    motion: Optional[int] = None
-    regions: Optional[int] = None
+    bbox: int | None = None
+    timestamp: int | None = None
+    zones: int | None = None
+    mask: int | None = None
+    motion: int | None = None
+    regions: int | None = None

frigate/api/defs/query/recordings_query_parameters.py

@@ -1,21 +1,19 @@
-from typing import Optional, Union
-
 from pydantic import BaseModel
 from pydantic.json_schema import SkipJsonSchema
 
 
 class MediaRecordingsSummaryQueryParams(BaseModel):
     timezone: str = "utc"
-    cameras: Optional[str] = "all"
+    cameras: str | None = "all"
 
 
 class MediaRecordingsAvailabilityQueryParams(BaseModel):
     cameras: str = "all"
-    before: Union[float, SkipJsonSchema[None]] = None
-    after: Union[float, SkipJsonSchema[None]] = None
+    before: float | SkipJsonSchema[None] = None
+    after: float | SkipJsonSchema[None] = None
     scale: int = 30
 
 
 class RecordingsDeleteQueryParams(BaseModel):
-    keep: Optional[str] = None
-    cameras: Optional[str] = "all"
+    keep: str | None = None
+    cameras: str | None = "all"

frigate/api/defs/query/regenerate_query_parameters.py

@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
-from typing import Optional
-
 from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
 
 from frigate.events.types import RegenerateDescriptionEnum
 
 
 class RegenerateQueryParameters(BaseModel):
-    source: Optional[RegenerateDescriptionEnum] = RegenerateDescriptionEnum.thumbnails
-    force: Optional[bool] = Field(
+    source: RegenerateDescriptionEnum | None = RegenerateDescriptionEnum.thumbnails
+    force: bool | None = Field(
         default=False,
         description="Force (re)generating the description even if GenAI is disabled for this camera.",
     )

frigate/api/defs/query/review_query_parameters.py

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from typing import Union
-
 from pydantic import BaseModel
 from pydantic.json_schema import SkipJsonSchema
 
@@ -10,11 +8,11 @@ class ReviewQueryParams(BaseModel):
     cameras: str = "all"
     labels: str = "all"
     zones: str = "all"
-    reviewed: Union[int, SkipJsonSchema[None]] = None
-    limit: Union[int, SkipJsonSchema[None]] = None
-    severity: Union[SeverityEnum, SkipJsonSchema[None]] = None
-    before: Union[float, SkipJsonSchema[None]] = None
-    after: Union[float, SkipJsonSchema[None]] = None
+    reviewed: int | SkipJsonSchema[None] = None
+    limit: int | SkipJsonSchema[None] = None
+    severity: SeverityEnum | SkipJsonSchema[None] = None
+    before: float | SkipJsonSchema[None] = None
+    after: float | SkipJsonSchema[None] = None
 
 
 class ReviewSummaryQueryParams(BaseModel):
@@ -26,6 +24,6 @@ class ReviewSummaryQueryParams(BaseModel):
 
 class ReviewActivityMotionQueryParams(BaseModel):
     cameras: str = "all"
-    before: Union[float, SkipJsonSchema[None]] = None
-    after: Union[float, SkipJsonSchema[None]] = None
+    before: float | SkipJsonSchema[None] = None
+    after: float | SkipJsonSchema[None] = None
     scale: int = 30

frigate/api/defs/request/app_body.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional
+from typing import Any
 
 from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
 
@@ -8,26 +8,26 @@ from frigate.config import GenAIProviderEnum
 class AppConfigSetBody(BaseModel):
     requires_restart: int = 1
     update_topic: str | None = None
-    config_data: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None
+    config_data: dict[str, Any] | None = None
     skip_save: bool = False
 
 
 class GenAIProbeBody(BaseModel):
     provider: GenAIProviderEnum
-    api_key: Optional[str] = None
-    base_url: Optional[str] = None
-    provider_options: Dict[str, Any] = Field(default_factory=dict)
+    api_key: str | None = None
+    base_url: str | None = None
+    provider_options: dict[str, Any] = Field(default_factory=dict)
 
 
 class AppPutPasswordBody(BaseModel):
     password: str
-    old_password: Optional[str] = None
+    old_password: str | None = None
 
 
 class AppPostUsersBody(BaseModel):
     username: str
     password: str
-    role: Optional[str] = "viewer"
+    role: str | None = "viewer"
 
 
 class AppPostLoginBody(BaseModel):
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class MediaSyncBody(BaseModel):
     dry_run: bool = Field(
         default=True, description="If True, only report orphans without deleting them"
     )
-    media_types: List[str] = Field(
+    media_types: list[str] = Field(
         default=["all"],
         description="Types of media to sync: 'all', 'event_snapshots', 'event_thumbnails', 'review_thumbnails', 'previews', 'exports', 'recordings'",
     )

frigate/api/defs/request/batch_export_body.py

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from typing import List, Optional
-
 from pydantic import BaseModel, Field, model_validator
 
 MAX_BATCH_EXPORT_ITEMS = 50
@@ -9,18 +7,18 @@ class BatchExportItem(BaseModel):
     camera: str = Field(title="Camera name")
     start_time: float = Field(title="Start time")
     end_time: float = Field(title="End time")
-    image_path: Optional[str] = Field(
+    image_path: str | None = Field(
         default=None,
         title="Existing thumbnail path",
         description="Optional existing image to use as the export thumbnail",
     )
-    friendly_name: Optional[str] = Field(
+    friendly_name: str | None = Field(
         default=None,
         title="Friendly name",
         max_length=256,
         description="Optional friendly name for this specific export item",
     )
-    client_item_id: Optional[str] = Field(
+    client_item_id: str | None = Field(
         default=None,
         title="Client item ID",
         max_length=128,
@@ -29,13 +27,13 @@ class BatchExportItem(BaseModel):
 
 
 class BatchExportBody(BaseModel):
-    items: List[BatchExportItem] = Field(
+    items: list[BatchExportItem] = Field(
         title="Items",
         min_length=1,
         max_length=MAX_BATCH_EXPORT_ITEMS,
         description="List of export items. Each item has its own camera and time range.",
     )
-    export_case_id: Optional[str] = Field(
+    export_case_id: str | None = Field(
         default=None,
         title="Export case ID",
         max_length=30,
@@ -44,13 +42,13 @@ class BatchExportBody(BaseModel):
             "existing case is temporarily admin-only until case-level ACLs exist."
         ),
     )
-    new_case_name: Optional[str] = Field(
+    new_case_name: str | None = Field(
         default=None,
         title="New case name",
         max_length=100,
         description="Name of a new export case to create when export_case_id is omitted",
     )
-    new_case_description: Optional[str] = Field(
+    new_case_description: str | None = Field(
         default=None,
         title="New case description",
         description="Optional description for a newly created export case",

frigate/api/defs/request/chat_body.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 """Chat API request models."""
 
-from typing import Any, Optional
+from typing import Any
 
 from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
 
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ class ChatMessage(BaseModel):
     role: str = Field(
         description="Message role: 'user', 'assistant', 'system', or 'tool'"
     )
-    content: Optional[Any] = Field(
+    content: Any | None = Field(
         default=None,
         description=(
             "Message content. Usually a string, but may be a multimodal content "
@@ -19,13 +19,13 @@ class ChatMessage(BaseModel):
             "request tool calls."
         ),
     )
-    tool_call_id: Optional[str] = Field(
+    tool_call_id: str | None = Field(
         default=None, description="For tool messages, the ID of the tool call"
     )
-    name: Optional[str] = Field(
+    name: str | None = Field(
         default=None, description="For tool messages, the tool name"
     )
-    tool_calls: Optional[list[dict[str, Any]]] = Field(
+    tool_calls: list[dict[str, Any]] | None = Field(
         default=None,
         description=(
             "For assistant messages replayed from prior turns, the OpenAI-format "
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ class ChatCompletionRequest(BaseModel):
         default=False,
         description="If true, stream the final assistant response in the body as newline-delimited JSON.",
     )
-    enable_thinking: Optional[bool] = Field(
+    enable_thinking: bool | None = Field(
         default=None,
         description=(
             "Per-request thinking toggle. None means use the provider default. "

frigate/api/defs/request/classification_body.py

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from typing import Dict, List, Tuple
-
 from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
 
 
@@ -12,14 +10,14 @@ class AudioTranscriptionBody(BaseModel):
 
 
 class DeleteFaceImagesBody(BaseModel):
-    ids: List[str] = Field(
+    ids: list[str] = Field(
         description="List of image filenames to delete from the face folder"
     )
 
 
 class GenerateStateExamplesBody(BaseModel):
     model_name: str = Field(description="Name of the classification model")
-    cameras: Dict[str, Tuple[float, float, float, float]] = Field(
+    cameras: dict[str, tuple[float, float, float, float]] = Field(
         description="Dictionary mapping camera names to normalized crop coordinates in [x1, y1, x2, y2] format (values 0-1)"
     )
 

frigate/api/defs/request/events_body.py

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from typing import List, Optional, Union
-
 from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
 
 from frigate.config.classification import TriggerType
@@ -7,49 +5,47 @@ from frigate.config.classification import TriggerType
 
 class EventsSubLabelBody(BaseModel):
     subLabel: str = Field(title="Sub label", max_length=100)
-    subLabelScore: Optional[float] = Field(
+    subLabelScore: float | None = Field(
         title="Score for sub label", default=None, gt=0.0, le=1.0
     )
-    camera: Optional[str] = Field(
-        title="Camera this object is detected on.", default=None
-    )
+    camera: str | None = Field(title="Camera this object is detected on.", default=None)
 
 
 class EventsLPRBody(BaseModel):
     recognizedLicensePlate: str = Field(
         title="Recognized License Plate", max_length=100
     )
-    recognizedLicensePlateScore: Optional[float] = Field(
+    recognizedLicensePlateScore: float | None = Field(
         title="Score for recognized license plate", default=None, gt=0.0, le=1.0
     )
 
 
 class EventsAttributesBody(BaseModel):
-    attributes: List[str] = Field(
+    attributes: list[str] = Field(
         title="Selected classification attributes for the event",
         default_factory=list,
     )
 
 
 class EventsDescriptionBody(BaseModel):
-    description: Union[str, None] = Field(title="The description of the event")
+    description: str | None = Field(title="The description of the event")
 
 
 class EventsCreateBody(BaseModel):
-    sub_label: Optional[str] = None
-    score: Optional[float] = 0
-    duration: Optional[int] = 30
-    include_recording: Optional[bool] = True
-    draw: Optional[dict] = {}
-    pre_capture: Optional[int] = None
+    sub_label: str | None = None
+    score: float | None = 0
+    duration: int | None = 30
+    include_recording: bool | None = True
+    draw: dict | None = {}
+    pre_capture: int | None = None
 
 
 class EventsEndBody(BaseModel):
-    end_time: Optional[float] = None
+    end_time: float | None = None
 
 
 class EventsDeleteBody(BaseModel):
-    event_ids: List[str] = Field(title="The event IDs to delete")
+    event_ids: list[str] = Field(title="The event IDs to delete")
 
 
 class SubmitPlusBody(BaseModel):

frigate/api/defs/request/export_bulk_body.py

@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 """Request bodies for bulk export operations."""
 
-from typing import Optional
-
 from pydantic import BaseModel, Field, conlist, constr
 
 
@@ -17,7 +15,7 @@ class ExportBulkReassignBody(BaseModel):
 
     # List of export IDs with at least one element and each element with at least one char
     ids: conlist(constr(min_length=1), min_length=1)
-    export_case_id: Optional[str] = Field(
+    export_case_id: str | None = Field(
         default=None,
         max_length=30,
         description="Case ID to assign to, or null to unassign from current case",

frigate/api/defs/request/export_case_body.py

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from typing import Optional
-
 from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
 
 
@@ -7,7 +5,7 @@ class ExportCaseCreateBody(BaseModel):
     """Request body for creating a new export case."""
 
     name: str = Field(max_length=100, description="Friendly name of the export case")
-    description: Optional[str] = Field(
+    description: str | None = Field(
         default=None, description="Optional description of the export case"
     )
 
@@ -15,11 +13,11 @@ class ExportCaseCreateBody(BaseModel):
 class ExportCaseUpdateBody(BaseModel):
     """Request body for updating an existing export case."""
 
-    name: Optional[str] = Field(
+    name: str | None = Field(
         default=None,
         max_length=100,
         description="Updated friendly name of the export case",
     )
-    description: Optional[str] = Field(
+    description: str | None = Field(
         default=None, description="Updated description of the export case"
     )

frigate/api/defs/request/export_recordings_body.py

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from typing import Optional, Union
-
 from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
 from pydantic.json_schema import SkipJsonSchema
 
@@ -13,15 +11,15 @@ class ExportRecordingsBody(BaseModel):
     source: PlaybackSourceEnum = Field(
         default=PlaybackSourceEnum.recordings, title="Playback source"
     )
-    name: Optional[str] = Field(title="Friendly name", default=None, max_length=256)
-    image_path: Union[str, SkipJsonSchema[None]] = None
-    export_case_id: Optional[str] = Field(
+    name: str | None = Field(title="Friendly name", default=None, max_length=256)
+    image_path: str | SkipJsonSchema[None] = None
+    export_case_id: str | None = Field(
         default=None,
         title="Export case ID",
         max_length=30,
         description="ID of the export case to assign this export to",
     )
-    chapters: Optional[ChaptersEnum] = Field(
+    chapters: ChaptersEnum | None = Field(
         default=None,
         title="Chapter mode",
         description=(
@@ -36,19 +34,19 @@ class ExportRecordingsCustomBody(BaseModel):
         default=PlaybackSourceEnum.recordings, title="Playback source"
     )
     name: str = Field(title="Friendly name", default=None, max_length=256)
-    image_path: Union[str, SkipJsonSchema[None]] = None
-    export_case_id: Optional[str] = Field(
+    image_path: str | SkipJsonSchema[None] = None
+    export_case_id: str | None = Field(
         default=None,
         title="Export case ID",
         max_length=30,
         description="ID of the export case to assign this export to",
     )
-    ffmpeg_input_args: Optional[str] = Field(
+    ffmpeg_input_args: str | None = Field(
         default=None,
         title="FFmpeg input arguments",
         description="Custom FFmpeg input arguments. If not provided, defaults to timelapse input args.",
     )
-    ffmpeg_output_args: Optional[str] = Field(
+    ffmpeg_output_args: str | None = Field(
         default=None,
         title="FFmpeg output arguments",
         description="Custom FFmpeg output arguments. If not provided, defaults to timelapse output args.",

frigate/api/defs/response/chat_response.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 """Chat API response models."""
 
-from typing import Any, Optional
+from typing import Any
 
 from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
 
@@ -17,14 +17,14 @@ class ChatMessageResponse(BaseModel):
     """A message in the chat response."""
 
     role: str = Field(description="Message role")
-    content: Optional[str] = Field(
+    content: str | None = Field(
         default=None, description="Message content (None if tool calls present)"
     )
-    reasoning: Optional[str] = Field(
+    reasoning: str | None = Field(
         default=None,
         description="Separated reasoning/thinking trace if the model emitted one",
     )
-    tool_calls: Optional[list[ToolCallInvocation]] = Field(
+    tool_calls: list[ToolCallInvocation] | None = Field(
         default=None, description="Tool calls if LLM wants to call tools"
     )
 

frigate/api/defs/response/classification_response.py

@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-from typing import Dict, List, Optional
-
 from pydantic import BaseModel, Field, RootModel
 
 
-class FacesResponse(RootModel[Dict[str, List[str]]]):
+class FacesResponse(RootModel[dict[str, list[str]]]):
     """Response model for the get_faces endpoint.
 
     Returns a mapping of face names to lists of image filenames.
@@ -17,7 +15,7 @@ class FacesResponse(RootModel[Dict[str, List[str]]]):
         }
     """
 
-    root: Dict[str, List[str]] = Field(
+    root: dict[str, list[str]] = Field(
         default_factory=dict,
         description="Dictionary mapping face names to lists of image filenames",
     )
@@ -30,9 +28,9 @@ class FaceRecognitionResponse(BaseModel):
     """
 
     success: bool = Field(description="Whether the face recognition was successful")
-    score: Optional[float] = Field(
+    score: float | None = Field(
         default=None, description="Confidence score of the recognition (0-1)"
     )
-    face_name: Optional[str] = Field(
+    face_name: str | None = Field(
         default=None, description="The recognized face name if successful"
     )

frigate/api/defs/response/event_response.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from typing import Any, Optional
+from typing import Any
 
 from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict
 
@@ -6,20 +6,20 @@ from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict
 class EventResponse(BaseModel):
     id: str
     label: str
-    sub_label: Optional[str]
+    sub_label: str | None
     camera: str
     start_time: float
-    end_time: Optional[float]
-    false_positive: Optional[bool]
+    end_time: float | None
+    false_positive: bool | None
     zones: list[str]
-    thumbnail: Optional[str]
+    thumbnail: str | None
     has_clip: bool
     has_snapshot: bool
     retain_indefinitely: bool
-    plus_id: Optional[str]
-    model_hash: Optional[str]
-    detector_type: Optional[str]
-    model_type: Optional[str]
+    plus_id: str | None
+    model_hash: str | None
+    detector_type: str | None
+    model_type: str | None
     data: dict[str, Any]
 
     model_config = ConfigDict(protected_namespaces=())

frigate/api/defs/response/export_case_response.py

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from typing import List, Optional
-
 from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
 
 
@@ -8,7 +6,7 @@ class ExportCaseModel(BaseModel):
 
     id: str = Field(description="Unique identifier for the export case")
     name: str = Field(description="Friendly name of the export case")
-    description: Optional[str] = Field(
+    description: str | None = Field(
         default=None, description="Optional description of the export case"
     )
     created_at: float = Field(
@@ -19,4 +17,4 @@ class ExportCaseModel(BaseModel):
     )
 
 
-ExportCasesResponse = List[ExportCaseModel]
+ExportCasesResponse = list[ExportCaseModel]

frigate/api/defs/response/export_response.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from typing import Any, List, Optional
+from typing import Any
 
 from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
 
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class ExportModel(BaseModel):
     in_progress: bool = Field(
         description="Whether the export is currently being processed"
     )
-    export_case_id: Optional[str] = Field(
+    export_case_id: str | None = Field(
         default=None, description="ID of the export case this export belongs to"
     )
 
@@ -25,10 +25,10 @@ class StartExportResponse(BaseModel):
 
     success: bool = Field(description="Whether the export was started successfully")
     message: str = Field(description="Status or error message")
-    export_id: Optional[str] = Field(
+    export_id: str | None = Field(
         default=None, description="The export ID if successfully started"
     )
-    status: Optional[str] = Field(
+    status: str | None = Field(
         default=None,
         description="Queue status for the export job",
     )
@@ -38,24 +38,24 @@ class BatchExportResultModel(BaseModel):
     """Per-item result for a batch export request."""
 
     camera: str = Field(description="Camera name for this export attempt")
-    export_id: Optional[str] = Field(
+    export_id: str | None = Field(
         default=None,
         description="The export ID when the export was successfully queued",
     )
     success: bool = Field(description="Whether the export was successfully queued")
-    status: Optional[str] = Field(
+    status: str | None = Field(
         default=None,
         description="Queue status for this camera export",
     )
-    error: Optional[str] = Field(
+    error: str | None = Field(
         default=None,
         description="Validation or queueing error for this item, if any",
     )
-    item_index: Optional[int] = Field(
+    item_index: int | None = Field(
         default=None,
         description="Zero-based index of this result within the request items list",
     )
-    client_item_id: Optional[str] = Field(
+    client_item_id: str | None = Field(
         default=None,
         description="Opaque client-supplied item identifier echoed from the request",
     )
@@ -64,12 +64,12 @@ class BatchExportResultModel(BaseModel):
 class BatchExportResponse(BaseModel):
     """Response model for starting an export batch."""
 
-    export_case_id: Optional[str] = Field(
+    export_case_id: str | None = Field(
         default=None,
         description="Export case ID associated with the batch",
     )
-    export_ids: List[str] = Field(description="Export IDs successfully queued")
-    results: List[BatchExportResultModel] = Field(
+    export_ids: list[str] = Field(description="Export IDs successfully queued")
+    results: list[BatchExportResultModel] = Field(
         description="Per-item batch export results"
     )
 
@@ -81,29 +81,29 @@ class ExportJobModel(BaseModel):
     job_type: str = Field(description="Job type")
     status: str = Field(description="Current job status")
     camera: str = Field(description="Camera associated with this export job")
-    name: Optional[str] = Field(
+    name: str | None = Field(
         default=None,
         description="Friendly name for the export",
     )
-    export_case_id: Optional[str] = Field(
+    export_case_id: str | None = Field(
         default=None,
         description="ID of the export case this export belongs to",
     )
     request_start_time: float = Field(description="Requested export start time")
     request_end_time: float = Field(description="Requested export end time")
-    start_time: Optional[float] = Field(
+    start_time: float | None = Field(
         default=None,
         description="Unix timestamp when execution started",
     )
-    end_time: Optional[float] = Field(
+    end_time: float | None = Field(
         default=None,
         description="Unix timestamp when execution completed",
     )
-    error_message: Optional[str] = Field(
+    error_message: str | None = Field(
         default=None,
         description="Error message for failed jobs",
     )
-    results: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = Field(
+    results: dict[str, Any] | None = Field(
         default=None,
         description="Result metadata for completed jobs",
     )
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ class ExportJobModel(BaseModel):
     )
 
 
-ExportJobsResponse = List[ExportJobModel]
+ExportJobsResponse = list[ExportJobModel]
 
 
-ExportsResponse = List[ExportModel]
+ExportsResponse = list[ExportModel]

frigate/api/defs/response/preview_response.py

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from typing import List
-
 from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
 
 
@@ -13,5 +11,5 @@ class PreviewModel(BaseModel):
     end: float = Field(description="Unix timestamp when the preview ends")
 
 
-PreviewsResponse = List[PreviewModel]
-PreviewFramesResponse = List[str]
+PreviewsResponse = list[PreviewModel]
+PreviewFramesResponse = list[str]

frigate/api/defs/response/review_response.py

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from datetime import datetime
-from typing import Dict
 
 from pydantic import BaseModel, Json
 
@@ -34,7 +33,7 @@ class DayReview(BaseModel):
 
 class ReviewSummaryResponse(BaseModel):
     last24Hours: Last24HoursReview
-    root: Dict[str, DayReview]
+    root: dict[str, DayReview]
 
 
 class ReviewActivityMotionResponse(BaseModel):

frigate/api/event.py

@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ import random
 import string
 from functools import reduce
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import List
 from urllib.parse import unquote
 
 import numpy as np
@@ -97,7 +96,7 @@ def _build_attribute_filter_clause(attributes: str):
 )
 def events(
     params: EventsQueryParams = Depends(),
-    allowed_cameras: List[str] = Depends(get_allowed_cameras_for_filter),
+    allowed_cameras: list[str] = Depends(get_allowed_cameras_for_filter),
 ):
     camera = params.camera
     cameras = params.cameras
@@ -171,7 +170,7 @@ def events(
     ]
 
     if camera != "all":
-        clauses.append((Event.camera == camera))
+        clauses.append(Event.camera == camera)
 
     if cameras != "all":
         requested = set(cameras.split(","))
@@ -181,11 +180,11 @@ def events(
         camera_list = list(filtered)
     else:
         camera_list = allowed_cameras
-    clauses.append((Event.camera << camera_list))
+    clauses.append(Event.camera << camera_list)
 
     if labels != "all":
         label_list = labels.split(",")
-        clauses.append((Event.label << label_list))
+        clauses.append(Event.label << label_list)
 
     if sub_labels != "all":
         # use matching so joined sub labels are included
@@ -196,24 +195,24 @@ def events(
 
         if "None" in filtered_sub_labels:
             filtered_sub_labels.remove("None")
-            sub_label_clauses.append((Event.sub_label.is_null()))
+            sub_label_clauses.append(Event.sub_label.is_null())
 
         for label in filtered_sub_labels:
             lowered = label.lower()
             sub_label_clauses.append(
-                (fn.LOWER(Event.sub_label.cast("text")) == lowered)
+                fn.LOWER(Event.sub_label.cast("text")) == lowered
             )  # include exact matches (case-insensitive)
 
             # include this label when part of a list (LIKE is case-insensitive in sqlite for ASCII)
             sub_label_clauses.append(
-                (fn.LOWER(Event.sub_label.cast("text")) % f"*{lowered},*")
+                fn.LOWER(Event.sub_label.cast("text")) % f"*{lowered},*"
             )
             sub_label_clauses.append(
-                (fn.LOWER(Event.sub_label.cast("text")) % f"*, {lowered}*")
+                fn.LOWER(Event.sub_label.cast("text")) % f"*, {lowered}*"
             )
 
         sub_label_clause = reduce(operator.or_, sub_label_clauses)
-        clauses.append((sub_label_clause))
+        clauses.append(sub_label_clause)
 
     if attributes != "all":
         # Custom classification results are stored as data[model_name] = result_value
@@ -257,19 +256,19 @@ def events(
 
         if "None" in filtered_zones:
             filtered_zones.remove("None")
-            zone_clauses.append((Event.zones.length() == 0))
+            zone_clauses.append(Event.zones.length() == 0)
 
         for zone in filtered_zones:
-            zone_clauses.append((Event.zones.cast("text") % f'*"{zone}"*'))
+            zone_clauses.append(Event.zones.cast("text") % f'*"{zone}"*')
 
         zone_clause = reduce(operator.or_, zone_clauses)
-        clauses.append((zone_clause))
+        clauses.append(zone_clause)
 
     if after:
-        clauses.append((Event.start_time > after))
+        clauses.append(Event.start_time > after)
 
     if before:
-        clauses.append((Event.start_time < before))
+        clauses.append(Event.start_time < before)
 
     if time_range != DEFAULT_TIME_RANGE:
         # get timezone arg to ensure browser times are used
@@ -289,62 +288,60 @@ def events(
         # should use or operator
         if time_after > time_before:
             clauses.append(
-                (
-                    reduce(
-                        operator.or_,
-                        [(start_hour_fun > time_after), (start_hour_fun < time_before)],
-                    )
+                reduce(
+                    operator.or_,
+                    [(start_hour_fun > time_after), (start_hour_fun < time_before)],
                 )
             )
         # all other cases should be and operator
         else:
-            clauses.append((start_hour_fun > time_after))
-            clauses.append((start_hour_fun < time_before))
+            clauses.append(start_hour_fun > time_after)
+            clauses.append(start_hour_fun < time_before)
 
     if has_clip is not None:
-        clauses.append((Event.has_clip == has_clip))
+        clauses.append(Event.has_clip == has_clip)
 
     if has_snapshot is not None:
-        clauses.append((Event.has_snapshot == has_snapshot))
+        clauses.append(Event.has_snapshot == has_snapshot)
 
     if in_progress is not None:
-        clauses.append((Event.end_time.is_null(in_progress)))
+        clauses.append(Event.end_time.is_null(in_progress))
 
     if include_thumbnails:
         selected_columns.append(Event.thumbnail)
 
     if favorites:
-        clauses.append((Event.retain_indefinitely == favorites))
+        clauses.append(Event.retain_indefinitely == favorites)
 
     if max_score is not None:
-        clauses.append((Event.data["score"] <= max_score))
+        clauses.append(Event.data["score"] <= max_score)
 
     if min_score is not None:
-        clauses.append((Event.data["score"] >= min_score))
+        clauses.append(Event.data["score"] >= min_score)
 
     if max_speed is not None:
-        clauses.append((Event.data["average_estimated_speed"] <= max_speed))
+        clauses.append(Event.data["average_estimated_speed"] <= max_speed)
 
     if min_speed is not None:
-        clauses.append((Event.data["average_estimated_speed"] >= min_speed))
+        clauses.append(Event.data["average_estimated_speed"] >= min_speed)
 
     if min_length is not None:
-        clauses.append(((Event.end_time - Event.start_time) >= min_length))
+        clauses.append((Event.end_time - Event.start_time) >= min_length)
 
     if max_length is not None:
-        clauses.append(((Event.end_time - Event.start_time) <= max_length))
+        clauses.append((Event.end_time - Event.start_time) <= max_length)
 
     if is_submitted is not None:
         if is_submitted == 0:
-            clauses.append((Event.plus_id.is_null()))
+            clauses.append(Event.plus_id.is_null())
         elif is_submitted > 0:
-            clauses.append((Event.plus_id != ""))
+            clauses.append(Event.plus_id != "")
 
     if event_id is not None:
-        clauses.append((Event.id == event_id))
+        clauses.append(Event.id == event_id)
 
     if len(clauses) == 0:
-        clauses.append((True))
+        clauses.append(True)
 
     if sort:
         if sort == "score_asc":
@@ -387,7 +384,7 @@ def events(
 )
 def events_explore(
     limit: int = 10,
-    allowed_cameras: List[str] = Depends(get_allowed_cameras_for_filter),
+    allowed_cameras: list[str] = Depends(get_allowed_cameras_for_filter),
 ):
     # get distinct labels for all events
     distinct_labels = (
@@ -515,7 +512,7 @@ async def event_ids(ids: str, request: Request):
 def events_search(
     request: Request,
     params: EventsSearchQueryParams = Depends(),
-    allowed_cameras: List[str] = Depends(get_allowed_cameras_for_filter),
+    allowed_cameras: list[str] = Depends(get_allowed_cameras_for_filter),
 ):
     query = params.query
     search_type = params.search_type
@@ -595,12 +592,12 @@ def events_search(
         filtered = requested.intersection(allowed_cameras)
         if not filtered:
             return JSONResponse(content=[])
-        event_filters.append((Event.camera << list(filtered)))
+        event_filters.append(Event.camera << list(filtered))
     else:
-        event_filters.append((Event.camera << allowed_cameras))
+        event_filters.append(Event.camera << allowed_cameras)
 
     if labels != "all":
-        event_filters.append((Event.label << labels.split(",")))
+        event_filters.append(Event.label << labels.split(","))
 
     if sub_labels != "all":
         # use matching so joined sub labels are included
@@ -611,23 +608,23 @@ def events_search(
 
         if "None" in filtered_sub_labels:
             filtered_sub_labels.remove("None")
-            sub_label_clauses.append((Event.sub_label.is_null()))
+            sub_label_clauses.append(Event.sub_label.is_null())
 
         for label in filtered_sub_labels:
             lowered = label.lower()
             sub_label_clauses.append(
-                (fn.LOWER(Event.sub_label.cast("text")) == lowered)
+                fn.LOWER(Event.sub_label.cast("text")) == lowered
             )  # include exact matches (case-insensitive)
 
             # include this label when part of a list (LIKE is case-insensitive in sqlite for ASCII)
             sub_label_clauses.append(
-                (fn.LOWER(Event.sub_label.cast("text")) % f"*{lowered},*")
+                fn.LOWER(Event.sub_label.cast("text")) % f"*{lowered},*"
             )
             sub_label_clauses.append(
-                (fn.LOWER(Event.sub_label.cast("text")) % f"*, {lowered}*")
+                fn.LOWER(Event.sub_label.cast("text")) % f"*, {lowered}*"
             )
 
-        event_filters.append((reduce(operator.or_, sub_label_clauses)))
+        event_filters.append(reduce(operator.or_, sub_label_clauses))
 
     if attributes != "all":
         # Custom classification results are stored as data[model_name] = result_value
@@ -641,12 +638,12 @@ def events_search(
 
         if "None" in filtered_zones:
             filtered_zones.remove("None")
-            zone_clauses.append((Event.zones.length() == 0))
+            zone_clauses.append(Event.zones.length() == 0)
 
         for zone in filtered_zones:
-            zone_clauses.append((Event.zones.cast("text") % f'*"{zone}"*'))
+            zone_clauses.append(Event.zones.cast("text") % f'*"{zone}"*')
 
-        event_filters.append((reduce(operator.or_, zone_clauses)))
+        event_filters.append(reduce(operator.or_, zone_clauses))
 
     if recognized_license_plate != "all":
         filtered_recognized_license_plates = recognized_license_plate.split(",")
@@ -674,43 +671,43 @@ def events_search(
             )
 
         recognized_license_plate_clause = reduce(operator.or_, clauses_for_plates)
-        event_filters.append((recognized_license_plate_clause))
+        event_filters.append(recognized_license_plate_clause)
 
     if after:
-        event_filters.append((Event.start_time > after))
+        event_filters.append(Event.start_time > after)
 
     if before:
-        event_filters.append((Event.start_time < before))
+        event_filters.append(Event.start_time < before)
 
     if has_clip is not None:
-        event_filters.append((Event.has_clip == has_clip))
+        event_filters.append(Event.has_clip == has_clip)
 
     if has_snapshot is not None:
-        event_filters.append((Event.has_snapshot == has_snapshot))
+        event_filters.append(Event.has_snapshot == has_snapshot)
 
     if is_submitted is not None:
         if is_submitted == 0:
-            event_filters.append((Event.plus_id.is_null()))
+            event_filters.append(Event.plus_id.is_null())
         elif is_submitted > 0:
-            event_filters.append((Event.plus_id != ""))
+            event_filters.append(Event.plus_id != "")
 
     if min_score is not None and max_score is not None:
-        event_filters.append((Event.data["score"].between(min_score, max_score)))
+        event_filters.append(Event.data["score"].between(min_score, max_score))
     else:
         if min_score is not None:
-            event_filters.append((Event.data["score"] >= min_score))
+            event_filters.append(Event.data["score"] >= min_score)
         if max_score is not None:
-            event_filters.append((Event.data["score"] <= max_score))
+            event_filters.append(Event.data["score"] <= max_score)
 
     if min_speed is not None and max_speed is not None:
         event_filters.append(
-            (Event.data["average_estimated_speed"].between(min_speed, max_speed))
+            Event.data["average_estimated_speed"].between(min_speed, max_speed)
         )
     else:
         if min_speed is not None:
-            event_filters.append((Event.data["average_estimated_speed"] >= min_speed))
+            event_filters.append(Event.data["average_estimated_speed"] >= min_speed)
         if max_speed is not None:
-            event_filters.append((Event.data["average_estimated_speed"] <= max_speed))
+            event_filters.append(Event.data["average_estimated_speed"] <= max_speed)
 
     if time_range != DEFAULT_TIME_RANGE:
         tz_name = params.timezone
@@ -728,17 +725,15 @@ def events_search(
         # should use or operator
         if time_after > time_before:
             event_filters.append(
-                (
-                    reduce(
-                        operator.or_,
-                        [(start_hour_fun > time_after), (start_hour_fun < time_before)],
-                    )
+                reduce(
+                    operator.or_,
+                    [(start_hour_fun > time_after), (start_hour_fun < time_before)],
                 )
             )
         # all other cases should be and operator
         else:
-            event_filters.append((start_hour_fun > time_after))
-            event_filters.append((start_hour_fun < time_before))
+            event_filters.append(start_hour_fun > time_after)
+            event_filters.append(start_hour_fun < time_before)
 
     # Perform semantic search
     search_results = {}
@@ -894,7 +889,7 @@ def events_search(
 @router.get("/events/summary", dependencies=[Depends(allow_any_authenticated())])
 def events_summary(
     params: EventsSummaryQueryParams = Depends(),
-    allowed_cameras: List[str] = Depends(get_allowed_cameras_for_filter),
+    allowed_cameras: list[str] = Depends(get_allowed_cameras_for_filter),
 ):
     tz_name = params.timezone
     has_clip = params.has_clip
@@ -903,13 +898,13 @@ def events_summary(
     clauses = []
 
     if has_clip is not None:
-        clauses.append((Event.has_clip == has_clip))
+        clauses.append(Event.has_clip == has_clip)
 
     if has_snapshot is not None:
-        clauses.append((Event.has_snapshot == has_snapshot))
+        clauses.append(Event.has_snapshot == has_snapshot)
 
     if len(clauses) == 0:
-        clauses.append((True))
+        clauses.append(True)
 
     time_range_query = (
         Event.select(

frigate/api/export.py

@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ import string
 import time
 import zipfile
 from collections import deque
+from collections.abc import Iterator
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Iterator, List, Optional
 
 import psutil
 from fastapi import APIRouter, Depends, Query, Request
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ def _generate_export_id(camera_name: str) -> str:
 
 def _create_export_case_record(
     name: str,
-    description: Optional[str],
+    description: str | None,
 ) -> ExportCase:
     now = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(time.time())
     return ExportCase.create(
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ def _create_export_case_record(
     )
 
 
-def _validate_camera_name(request: Request, camera_name: str) -> Optional[JSONResponse]:
+def _validate_camera_name(request: Request, camera_name: str) -> JSONResponse | None:
     if camera_name and request.app.frigate_config.cameras.get(camera_name):
         return None
 
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ def _validate_camera_name(request: Request, camera_name: str) -> Optional[JSONRe
     )
 
 
-def _validate_export_case(export_case_id: Optional[str]) -> Optional[JSONResponse]:
+def _validate_export_case(export_case_id: str | None) -> JSONResponse | None:
     if export_case_id is None:
         return None
 
@@ -127,8 +127,8 @@ def _validate_export_case(export_case_id: Optional[str]) -> Optional[JSONRespons
 
 
 def _sanitize_existing_image(
-    image_path: Optional[str],
-) -> tuple[Optional[str], Optional[JSONResponse]]:
+    image_path: str | None,
+) -> tuple[str | None, JSONResponse | None]:
     # sanitize_filepath normalizes "\" to "/" but leaves ".." intact, so a path
     # like "clips\..\..\etc/passwd" passes the CLIPS_DIR prefix check yet still
     # escapes the directory once resolved. A valid snapshot path never uses "..".
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ def _validate_export_source(
     start_time: float,
     end_time: float,
     playback_source: PlaybackSourceEnum,
-) -> Optional[str]:
+) -> str | None:
     if playback_source == PlaybackSourceEnum.recordings:
         recordings_count = (
             Recordings.select()
@@ -257,14 +257,14 @@ def _build_export_job(
     camera_name: str,
     start_time: float,
     end_time: float,
-    friendly_name: Optional[str],
-    existing_image: Optional[str],
+    friendly_name: str | None,
+    existing_image: str | None,
     playback_source: PlaybackSourceEnum,
-    export_case_id: Optional[str],
-    ffmpeg_input_args: Optional[str] = None,
-    ffmpeg_output_args: Optional[str] = None,
+    export_case_id: str | None,
+    ffmpeg_input_args: str | None = None,
+    ffmpeg_output_args: str | None = None,
     cpu_fallback: bool = False,
-    chapters: Optional[ChaptersEnum] = None,
+    chapters: ChaptersEnum | None = None,
 ) -> ExportJob:
     return ExportJob(
         id=_generate_export_id(camera_name),
@@ -302,11 +302,11 @@ def _export_case_to_dict(case: ExportCase) -> dict[str, object]:
     Returns a list of exports ordered by date (most recent first).""",
 )
 def get_exports(
-    allowed_cameras: List[str] = Depends(get_allowed_cameras_for_filter),
-    export_case_id: Optional[str] = None,
-    cameras: Optional[str] = Query(default="all"),
-    start_date: Optional[float] = None,
-    end_date: Optional[float] = None,
+    allowed_cameras: list[str] = Depends(get_allowed_cameras_for_filter),
+    export_case_id: str | None = None,
+    cameras: str | None = Query(default="all"),
+    start_date: float | None = None,
+    end_date: float | None = None,
 ):
     query = Export.select().where(Export.camera << allowed_cameras)
 
@@ -422,7 +422,7 @@ def _unique_archive_name(export: Export, used: set[str]) -> str:
     return candidate
 
 
-def _stream_case_archive(exports: List[Export]) -> Iterator[bytes]:
+def _stream_case_archive(exports: list[Export]) -> Iterator[bytes]:
     """Yield bytes of a zip archive built from the given exports' mp4 files."""
     buffer = _StreamingZipBuffer()
     used_names: set[str] = set()
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ def _stream_case_archive(exports: List[Export]) -> Iterator[bytes]:
 )
 def download_export_case(
     case_id: str,
-    allowed_cameras: List[str] = Depends(get_allowed_cameras_for_filter),
+    allowed_cameras: list[str] = Depends(get_allowed_cameras_for_filter),
 ):
     try:
         case = ExportCase.get(ExportCase.id == case_id)
@@ -580,7 +580,7 @@ def delete_export_case(case_id: str, request: Request, delete_exports: bool = Fa
 )
 def get_active_export_jobs(
     request: Request,
-    allowed_cameras: List[str] = Depends(get_allowed_cameras_for_filter),
+    allowed_cameras: list[str] = Depends(get_allowed_cameras_for_filter),
 ):
     jobs = list_active_export_jobs(request.app.frigate_config)
     return JSONResponse(
@@ -622,7 +622,7 @@ async def get_export_job_status(export_id: str, request: Request):
 def export_recordings_batch(
     request: Request,
     body: BatchExportBody,
-    allowed_cameras: List[str] = Depends(get_allowed_cameras_for_filter),
+    allowed_cameras: list[str] = Depends(get_allowed_cameras_for_filter),
     current_user: dict = Depends(get_current_user),
 ):
     if isinstance(current_user, JSONResponse):
@@ -662,7 +662,7 @@ def export_recordings_batch(
 
     # Sanitize each item's image_path up front. A bad path in any item
     # kills the whole request, consistent with single-export behavior.
-    sanitized_images: list[Optional[str]] = []
+    sanitized_images: list[str | None] = []
     for item in body.items:
         existing_image, image_validation_error = _sanitize_existing_image(
             item.image_path
@@ -713,7 +713,7 @@ def export_recordings_batch(
         export_case_id = export_case.id
 
     export_ids: list[str] = []
-    results: list[dict[str, Optional[str] | bool | int]] = []
+    results: list[dict[str, str | None | bool | int]] = []
     for index, item in enumerate(body.items):
         if index in item_errors:
             results.append(

frigate/api/fastapi_app.py

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import asyncio
 import logging
 import re
-from typing import Optional
 
 from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI, Request
 from fastapi.responses import JSONResponse
@@ -64,7 +63,7 @@ class RemoteUserPlugin(Plugin):
 def create_fastapi_app(
     frigate_config: FrigateConfig,
     database: SqliteQueueDatabase,
-    embeddings: Optional[EmbeddingsContext],
+    embeddings: EmbeddingsContext | None,
     detected_frames_processor,
     storage_maintainer: StorageMaintainer,
     onvif: OnvifController,
@@ -72,8 +71,8 @@ def create_fastapi_app(
     event_metadata_updater: EventMetadataPublisher,
     config_publisher: CameraConfigUpdatePublisher,
     replay_manager: DebugReplayManager,
-    dispatcher: Optional[Dispatcher] = None,
-    profile_manager: Optional[ProfileManager] = None,
+    dispatcher: Dispatcher | None = None,
+    profile_manager: ProfileManager | None = None,
     enforce_default_admin: bool = True,
 ):
     logger.info("Starting FastAPI app")

frigate/api/media.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import math
 import os
 import subprocess as sp
 import time
-from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
+from datetime import UTC, datetime, timedelta
 from pathlib import Path as FilePath
 from typing import Any
 from urllib.parse import unquote
@@ -314,10 +314,8 @@ async def get_snapshot_from_recording(
                 Recordings.start_time,
             )
             .where(
-                (
-                    (frame_time >= Recordings.start_time)
-                    & (frame_time <= Recordings.end_time)
-                )
+                (frame_time >= Recordings.start_time)
+                & (frame_time <= Recordings.end_time)
             )
             .where(Recordings.camera == camera_name)
             .order_by(Recordings.start_time.desc())
@@ -335,10 +333,8 @@ async def get_snapshot_from_recording(
                     Recordings.start_time,
                 )
                 .where(
-                    (
-                        (frame_time >= Recordings.start_time)
-                        & (frame_time <= Recordings.end_time)
-                    )
+                    (frame_time >= Recordings.start_time)
+                    & (frame_time <= Recordings.end_time)
                 )
                 .where(Recordings.camera == camera_name)
                 .order_by(Recordings.start_time.desc())
@@ -398,10 +394,7 @@ async def submit_recording_snapshot_to_plus(
             Recordings.start_time,
         )
         .where(
-            (
-                (frame_time >= Recordings.start_time)
-                & (frame_time <= Recordings.end_time)
-            )
+            (frame_time >= Recordings.start_time) & (frame_time <= Recordings.end_time)
         )
         .where(Recordings.camera == camera_name)
         .order_by(Recordings.start_time.desc())
@@ -719,7 +712,7 @@ async def vod_hour(
 ):
     parts = year_month.split("-")
     start_date = (
-        datetime(int(parts[0]), int(parts[1]), day, hour, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+        datetime(int(parts[0]), int(parts[1]), day, hour, tzinfo=UTC)
         - datetime.now(pytz.timezone(tz_name.replace(",", "/"))).utcoffset()
     )
     end_date = start_date + timedelta(hours=1) - timedelta(milliseconds=1)

frigate/api/media_auth.py

@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 import logging
 import os
 from enum import Enum
-from typing import Optional
 from urllib.parse import unquote, urlparse
 
 from peewee import DoesNotExist
@@ -42,7 +41,7 @@ class MediaAuthResolution(str, Enum):
     UNKNOWN = "unknown"
 
 
-def extract_path(original_url: Optional[str]) -> Optional[str]:
+def extract_path(original_url: str | None) -> str | None:
     """Return the decoded path component of nginx's `X-Original-URL` header.
 
     nginx forwards the *raw* request URI (with `..` segments intact) via
@@ -72,8 +71,8 @@ def extract_path(original_url: Optional[str]) -> Optional[str]:
 
 
 def resolve_media_uri(
-    uri: str, frigate_config: Optional[FrigateConfig] = None
-) -> tuple[MediaAuthResolution, Optional[str]]:
+    uri: str, frigate_config: FrigateConfig | None = None
+) -> tuple[MediaAuthResolution, str | None]:
     """Classify a URI and return the owning camera if applicable.
 
     `frigate_config` is used to disambiguate clip/review filenames whose
@@ -100,7 +99,7 @@ def resolve_media_uri(
 
 def _resolve_recording(
     parts: list[str],
-) -> tuple[MediaAuthResolution, Optional[str]]:
+) -> tuple[MediaAuthResolution, str | None]:
     # /recordings                          → neutral
     # /recordings/{date}                   → neutral
     # /recordings/{date}/{hour}            → multi-camera listing
@@ -113,8 +112,8 @@ def _resolve_recording(
 
 
 def _resolve_clip(
-    parts: list[str], frigate_config: Optional[FrigateConfig]
-) -> tuple[MediaAuthResolution, Optional[str]]:
+    parts: list[str], frigate_config: FrigateConfig | None
+) -> tuple[MediaAuthResolution, str | None]:
     # /clips                                          → multi-camera listing
     # /clips/thumbs/{cam}/...                         → camera
     # /clips/previews/{cam}/...                       → camera
@@ -159,8 +158,8 @@ def _resolve_clip(
 
 
 def _longest_prefix_camera(
-    stem: str, frigate_config: Optional[FrigateConfig]
-) -> Optional[str]:
+    stem: str, frigate_config: FrigateConfig | None
+) -> str | None:
     if frigate_config is None:
         return None
     for cam in sorted(frigate_config.cameras.keys(), key=len, reverse=True):
@@ -170,8 +169,8 @@ def _longest_prefix_camera(
 
 
 def _camera_from_clip_filename(
-    filename: str, frigate_config: Optional[FrigateConfig]
-) -> Optional[str]:
+    filename: str, frigate_config: FrigateConfig | None
+) -> str | None:
     """Match a flat clip filename `{camera}-{event_id}[-clean].{ext}` against
     configured camera names. Longest-prefix wins so camera names containing
     hyphens (e.g. `front-door`) resolve correctly.
@@ -182,8 +181,8 @@ def _camera_from_clip_filename(
 
 
 def _camera_from_thumb_filename(
-    filename: str, frigate_config: Optional[FrigateConfig]
-) -> Optional[str]:
+    filename: str, frigate_config: FrigateConfig | None
+) -> str | None:
     """Match a review thumbnail filename `thumb-{camera}-{review_id}.webp`."""
     if not filename.startswith("thumb-"):
         return None
@@ -194,7 +193,7 @@ def _camera_from_thumb_filename(
 
 def _resolve_export(
     parts: list[str],
-) -> tuple[MediaAuthResolution, Optional[str]]:
+) -> tuple[MediaAuthResolution, str | None]:
     # /exports                  → multi-camera listing
     # /exports/{filename}.mp4   → camera (DB lookup by exact path)
     if len(parts) == 1:
@@ -240,8 +239,8 @@ def is_role_restricted(role: str, frigate_config: FrigateConfig) -> bool:
 
 
 def deny_response_for_media_uri(
-    original_url: Optional[str], role: Optional[str], frigate_config: FrigateConfig
-) -> Optional[int]:
+    original_url: str | None, role: str | None, frigate_config: FrigateConfig
+) -> int | None:
     """Decide whether the current role should be blocked from `original_url`.
 
     Returns an HTTP status code (403) when access should be denied, or `None`

frigate/api/motion_search.py

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 """Motion search API for detecting changes within a region of interest."""
 
 import logging
-from typing import Any, List, Optional
+from typing import Any
 
 from fastapi import APIRouter, Depends, Request
 from fastapi.responses import JSONResponse
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class MotionSearchRequest(BaseModel):
 
     start_time: float = Field(description="Start timestamp for the search range")
     end_time: float = Field(description="End timestamp for the search range")
-    polygon_points: List[List[float]] = Field(
+    polygon_points: list[list[float]] = Field(
         description="List of [x, y] normalized coordinates (0-1) defining the ROI polygon"
     )
     threshold: int = Field(
@@ -87,12 +87,12 @@ class MotionSearchStatusResponse(BaseModel):
     success: bool
     message: str
     status: str  # "queued", "running", "success", "failed", or "cancelled"
-    results: Optional[List[MotionSearchResult]] = None
-    total_frames_processed: Optional[int] = None
-    error_message: Optional[str] = None
-    metrics: Optional[MotionSearchMetricsResponse] = None
-    scanning_timestamp: Optional[float] = None
-    progress: Optional[float] = None
+    results: list[MotionSearchResult] | None = None
+    total_frames_processed: int | None = None
+    error_message: str | None = None
+    metrics: MotionSearchMetricsResponse | None = None
+    scanning_timestamp: float | None = None
+    progress: float | None = None
 
 
 @router.post(

frigate/api/preview.py

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import bisect
 import logging
 import os
 import threading
-from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
+from datetime import UTC, datetime, timedelta
 
 import pytz
 from fastapi import APIRouter, Depends, HTTPException
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ def preview_hour(
     """Get all mp4 previews relevant for time period given the timezone"""
     parts = year_month.split("-")
     start_date = (
-        datetime(int(parts[0]), int(parts[1]), int(day), int(hour), tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+        datetime(int(parts[0]), int(parts[1]), int(day), int(hour), tzinfo=UTC)
         - datetime.now(pytz.timezone(tz_name.replace(",", "/"))).utcoffset()
     )
     end_date = start_date + timedelta(hours=1) - timedelta(milliseconds=1)

frigate/api/record.py

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import logging
 from datetime import datetime, timedelta
 from functools import reduce
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import List
 from urllib.parse import unquote
 
 from fastapi import APIRouter, Depends, Request
@@ -63,7 +62,7 @@ def get_recordings_storage_usage(request: Request):
 def all_recordings_summary(
     request: Request,
     params: MediaRecordingsSummaryQueryParams = Depends(),
-    allowed_cameras: List[str] = Depends(get_allowed_cameras_for_filter),
+    allowed_cameras: list[str] = Depends(get_allowed_cameras_for_filter),
 ):
     """Returns true/false by day indicating if recordings exist"""
 
@@ -263,18 +262,18 @@ async def recordings(
 async def no_recordings(
     request: Request,
     params: MediaRecordingsAvailabilityQueryParams = Depends(),
-    allowed_cameras: List[str] = Depends(get_allowed_cameras_for_filter),
+    allowed_cameras: list[str] = Depends(get_allowed_cameras_for_filter),
 ):
     """Get time ranges with no recordings."""
     cameras = params.cameras
     if cameras != "all":
         requested = set(unquote(cameras).split(","))
-        filtered = requested.intersection(allowed_cameras)
-        if not filtered:
-            return JSONResponse(content=[])
-        cameras = ",".join(filtered)
+        camera_list = list(requested.intersection(allowed_cameras))
     else:
-        cameras = allowed_cameras
+        camera_list = list(allowed_cameras)
+
+    if not camera_list:
+        return JSONResponse(content=[])
 
     before = params.before or datetime.datetime.now().timestamp()
     after = (
@@ -283,12 +282,10 @@ async def no_recordings(
     )
     scale = params.scale
 
-    clauses = [(Recordings.end_time >= after) & (Recordings.start_time <= before)]
-    if cameras != "all":
-        camera_list = cameras.split(",")
-        clauses.append((Recordings.camera << camera_list))
-    else:
-        camera_list = allowed_cameras
+    clauses = [
+        (Recordings.end_time >= after) & (Recordings.start_time <= before),
+        (Recordings.camera << camera_list),
+    ]
 
     # Get recording start times
     data: list[Recordings] = (
@@ -367,7 +364,7 @@ async def delete_recordings(
     start: float = PathParam(..., description="Start timestamp (unix)"),
     end: float = PathParam(..., description="End timestamp (unix)"),
     params: RecordingsDeleteQueryParams = Depends(),
-    allowed_cameras: List[str] = Depends(get_allowed_cameras_for_filter),
+    allowed_cameras: list[str] = Depends(get_allowed_cameras_for_filter),
 ):
     """Delete recordings in the specified time range."""
     if start >= end:

frigate/api/review.py

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import datetime
 import logging
 from functools import reduce
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import List
 
 import pandas as pd
 from fastapi import APIRouter, Request
@@ -51,7 +50,7 @@ router = APIRouter(tags=[Tags.review])
 async def review(
     params: ReviewQueryParams = Depends(),
     current_user: dict = Depends(get_current_user),
-    allowed_cameras: List[str] = Depends(get_allowed_cameras_for_filter),
+    allowed_cameras: list[str] = Depends(get_allowed_cameras_for_filter),
 ):
     if isinstance(current_user, JSONResponse):
         return current_user
@@ -83,7 +82,7 @@ async def review(
         camera_list = list(filtered)
     else:
         camera_list = allowed_cameras
-    clauses.append((ReviewSegment.camera << camera_list))
+    clauses.append(ReviewSegment.camera << camera_list)
 
     if labels != "all":
         # use matching so segments with multiple labels
@@ -106,12 +105,12 @@ async def review(
 
         for zone in filtered_zones:
             zone_clauses.append(
-                (ReviewSegment.data["zones"].cast("text") % f'*"{zone}"*')
+                ReviewSegment.data["zones"].cast("text") % f'*"{zone}"*'
             )
         clauses.append(reduce(operator.or_, zone_clauses))
 
     if severity:
-        clauses.append((ReviewSegment.severity == severity))
+        clauses.append(ReviewSegment.severity == severity)
 
     # Join with UserReviewStatus to get per-user review status
     review_query = (
@@ -204,7 +203,7 @@ async def review_ids(request: Request, ids: str):
 async def review_summary(
     params: ReviewSummaryQueryParams = Depends(),
     current_user: dict = Depends(get_current_user),
-    allowed_cameras: List[str] = Depends(get_allowed_cameras_for_filter),
+    allowed_cameras: list[str] = Depends(get_allowed_cameras_for_filter),
 ):
     if isinstance(current_user, JSONResponse):
         return current_user
@@ -227,7 +226,7 @@ async def review_summary(
         camera_list = list(filtered)
     else:
         camera_list = allowed_cameras
-    clauses.append((ReviewSegment.camera << camera_list))
+    clauses.append(ReviewSegment.camera << camera_list)
 
     if labels != "all":
         # use matching so segments with multiple labels
@@ -328,7 +327,7 @@ async def review_summary(
         camera_list = list(filtered)
     else:
         camera_list = allowed_cameras
-    clauses.append((ReviewSegment.camera << camera_list))
+    clauses.append(ReviewSegment.camera << camera_list)
 
     if labels != "all":
         # use matching so segments with multiple labels
@@ -584,7 +583,7 @@ def delete_reviews(body: ReviewModifyMultipleBody):
 )
 def motion_activity(
     params: ReviewActivityMotionQueryParams = Depends(),
-    allowed_cameras: List[str] = Depends(get_allowed_cameras_for_filter),
+    allowed_cameras: list[str] = Depends(get_allowed_cameras_for_filter),
 ):
     """Get motion and audio activity."""
     cameras = params.cameras
@@ -597,7 +596,7 @@ def motion_activity(
     scale = params.scale
 
     clauses = [(Recordings.start_time > after) & (Recordings.end_time < before)]
-    clauses.append((Recordings.motion > 0))
+    clauses.append(Recordings.motion > 0)
 
     if cameras != "all":
         requested = set(cameras.split(","))
@@ -608,7 +607,7 @@ def motion_activity(
     else:
         camera_list = list(allowed_cameras)
 
-    clauses.append((Recordings.camera << camera_list))
+    clauses.append(Recordings.camera << camera_list)
 
     data: list[Recordings] = (
         Recordings.select(

frigate/app.py

@@ -4,11 +4,11 @@ import multiprocessing as mp
 import os
 import secrets
 import shutil
+from collections.abc import Callable
 from multiprocessing import Queue
 from multiprocessing.managers import DictProxy, SyncManager
 from multiprocessing.synchronize import Event as MpEvent
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Callable, Optional
 
 import psutil
 import uvicorn
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ class FrigateApp:
         self, config: FrigateConfig, manager: SyncManager, stop_event: MpEvent
     ) -> None:
         self.metrics_manager = manager
-        self.audio_process: Optional[mp.Process] = None
+        self.audio_process: mp.Process | None = None
         self.stop_event = stop_event
         self.detection_queue: Queue = mp.Queue()
         self.detectors: dict[str, ObjectDetectProcess] = {}
@@ -120,8 +120,8 @@ class FrigateApp:
         )
         self.ptz_metrics: dict[str, PTZMetrics] = {}
         self.processes: dict[str, int] = {}
-        self.embeddings: Optional[EmbeddingsContext] = None
-        self.profile_manager: Optional[ProfileManager] = None
+        self.embeddings: EmbeddingsContext | None = None
+        self.profile_manager: ProfileManager | None = None
         self.config = config
 
     def ensure_dirs(self) -> None:

frigate/camera/activity_manager.py

@@ -6,13 +6,18 @@ import logging
 import random
 import string
 from collections import Counter
-from typing import Any, Callable
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from typing import Any
 
 from frigate.comms.event_metadata_updater import (
     EventMetadataPublisher,
     EventMetadataTypeEnum,
 )
 from frigate.config import CameraConfig, FrigateConfig
+from frigate.config.camera.updater import (
+    CameraConfigUpdateEnum,
+    CameraConfigUpdateSubscriber,
+)
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -29,6 +34,11 @@ class CameraActivityManager:
         self.zone_all_object_counts: dict[str, Counter] = {}
         self.zone_active_object_counts: dict[str, Counter] = {}
         self.all_zone_labels: dict[str, set[str]] = {}
+        self.config_subscriber = CameraConfigUpdateSubscriber(
+            config,
+            config.cameras,
+            [CameraConfigUpdateEnum.zones, CameraConfigUpdateEnum.objects],
+        )
 
         for camera_config in config.cameras.values():
             if not camera_config.enabled_in_config:
@@ -56,7 +66,40 @@ class CameraActivityManager:
                 else camera_config.objects.track
             )
 
+    def __rebuild_zone_labels(self) -> None:
+        """Rebuild zone label tracking after a runtime zones/objects change."""
+        new_zone_labels: dict[str, set[str]] = {}
+
+        for camera_config in self.config.cameras.values():
+            if not camera_config.enabled_in_config or camera_config.name is None:
+                continue
+
+            for zone, zone_config in camera_config.zones.items():
+                new_zone_labels.setdefault(zone, set()).update(
+                    zone_config.objects
+                    if zone_config.objects
+                    else camera_config.objects.track
+                )
+
+        # drop counters for zones that no longer exist
+        for zone in list(self.zone_all_object_counts.keys()):
+            if zone not in new_zone_labels:
+                self.zone_all_object_counts.pop(zone, None)
+                self.zone_active_object_counts.pop(zone, None)
+
+        # ensure counters exist for new zones so the first count is published
+        for zone in new_zone_labels:
+            self.zone_all_object_counts.setdefault(zone, Counter())
+            self.zone_active_object_counts.setdefault(zone, Counter())
+
+        self.all_zone_labels = new_zone_labels
+
     def update_activity(self, new_activity: dict[str, dict[str, Any]]) -> None:
+        updated_topics = self.config_subscriber.check_for_updates()
+
+        if "zones" in updated_topics or "objects" in updated_topics:
+            self.__rebuild_zone_labels()
+
         all_objects: list[dict[str, Any]] = []
 
         for camera in new_activity.keys():
@@ -161,6 +204,9 @@ class CameraActivityManager:
             self.publish(f"{camera}/all", sum(list(all_objects.values())))
             self.publish(f"{camera}/all/active", sum(list(active_objects.values())))
 
+    def stop(self) -> None:
+        self.config_subscriber.stop()
+
 
 class AudioActivityManager:
     def __init__(

frigate/camera/state.py

@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@ import logging
 import os
 import threading
 from collections import defaultdict
-from typing import Any, Callable
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from typing import Any
 
 import cv2
 import numpy as np

frigate/comms/base_communicator.py

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
-from typing import Any, Callable
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from typing import Any
 
 
 class Communicator(ABC):

frigate/comms/dispatcher.py

@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 import datetime
 import json
 import logging
-from collections.abc import Iterable
-from typing import Any, Callable, Optional, cast
+from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable
+from typing import Any, cast
 
 from frigate.camera import PTZMetrics
 from frigate.camera.activity_manager import AudioActivityManager, CameraActivityManager
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ class Dispatcher:
             "notifications": self._on_global_notification_command,
             "profile": self._on_profile_command,
         }
-        self.profile_manager: Optional[ProfileManager] = None
+        self.profile_manager: ProfileManager | None = None
 
         for comm in self.comms:
             comm.subscribe(self._receive)
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ class Dispatcher:
             (comm for comm in communicators if isinstance(comm, WebPushClient)), None
         )
 
-    def _receive(self, topic: str, payload: Any) -> Optional[Any]:
+    def _receive(self, topic: str, payload: Any) -> Any | None:
         """Handle receiving of payload from communicators."""
 
         def handle_camera_command(
@@ -397,6 +397,8 @@ class Dispatcher:
             comm.publish(topic, payload, retain)
 
     def stop(self) -> None:
+        self.camera_activity.stop()
+
         for comm in self.comms:
             comm.stop()
 

frigate/comms/embeddings_updater.py

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 """Facilitates communication between processes."""
 
 import logging
+from collections.abc import Callable
 from enum import Enum
-from typing import Any, Callable
+from typing import Any
 
 import zmq
 

frigate/comms/inter_process.py

@@ -3,8 +3,9 @@
 import logging
 import multiprocessing as mp
 import threading
+from collections.abc import Callable
 from multiprocessing.synchronize import Event as MpEvent
-from typing import Any, Callable
+from typing import Any
 
 import zmq
 

frigate/comms/mqtt.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import logging
 import threading
-from typing import Any, Callable
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from typing import Any
 
 import paho.mqtt.client as mqtt
 from paho.mqtt.enums import CallbackAPIVersion
@@ -41,6 +42,18 @@ class MqttClient(Communicator):
         self.publish("available", "stopped", retain=True)
         self.client.disconnect()
 
+    def _notifications_enabled_in_config(self) -> bool:
+        """Whether notifications are configured globally or on any camera.
+
+        Notifications can be enabled per camera with the global config left
+        disabled, so the global topics must consider both (matching how
+        app.py decides to create the WebPushClient).
+        """
+        return self.config.notifications.enabled_in_config or any(
+            cam.enabled and cam.notifications.enabled_in_config
+            for cam in self.config.cameras.values()
+        )
+
     def _set_initial_topics(self) -> None:
         """Set initial state topics."""
         for camera_name, camera in self.config.cameras.items():
@@ -157,7 +170,7 @@ class MqttClient(Communicator):
                     retain=True,
                 )
 
-        if self.config.notifications.enabled_in_config:
+        if self._notifications_enabled_in_config():
             self.publish(
                 "notifications/state",
                 "ON" if self.config.notifications.enabled else "OFF",
@@ -202,8 +215,8 @@ class MqttClient(Communicator):
                 logger.error("Unable to connect to MQTT server: MQTT Not authorized")
             else:
                 logger.error(
-                    "Unable to connect to MQTT server: Connection refused. Error code: "
-                    + reason_code.getName()
+                    "Unable to connect to MQTT server: Connection refused. Error code: %s",
+                    reason_code.getName(),
                 )
 
         self.connected = True
@@ -256,6 +269,7 @@ class MqttClient(Communicator):
             "review_detections",
             "object_descriptions",
             "review_descriptions",
+            "notifications",
         ]
 
         for name in self.config.cameras.keys():
@@ -265,6 +279,12 @@ class MqttClient(Communicator):
                     self.on_mqtt_command,
                 )
 
+            # notifications suspend doesn't follow the /set topic pattern
+            self.client.message_callback_add(
+                f"{self.mqtt_config.topic_prefix}/{name}/notifications/suspend",
+                self.on_mqtt_command,
+            )
+
             if self.config.cameras[name].onvif.host:
                 self.client.message_callback_add(
                     f"{self.mqtt_config.topic_prefix}/{name}/ptz",
@@ -289,7 +309,7 @@ class MqttClient(Communicator):
                     self.on_mqtt_command,
                 )
 
-        if self.config.notifications.enabled_in_config:
+        if self._notifications_enabled_in_config():
             self.client.message_callback_add(
                 f"{self.mqtt_config.topic_prefix}/notifications/set",
                 self.on_mqtt_command,

frigate/comms/runtime_state.py

@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ class RuntimeStatePersistence:
         if not os.path.exists(self._path):
             return {}
         try:
-            with open(self._path, "r") as f:
+            with open(self._path) as f:
                 data = json.load(f)
         except (OSError, json.JSONDecodeError):
             logger.exception(

frigate/comms/webpush.py

@@ -6,9 +6,10 @@ import logging
 import os
 import queue
 import threading
+from collections.abc import Callable
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from multiprocessing.synchronize import Event as MpEvent
-from typing import Any, Callable
+from typing import Any
 
 from py_vapid import Vapid01
 from pywebpush import WebPusher

frigate/comms/ws.py

@@ -4,7 +4,8 @@ import errno
 import json
 import logging
 import threading
-from typing import Any, Callable
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from typing import Any
 from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server
 
 from ws4py.server.wsgirefserver import (

frigate/config/auth.py

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from typing import Dict, List, Optional
-
 from pydantic import Field, field_validator, model_validator
 
 from .base import FrigateBaseModel
@@ -41,7 +39,7 @@ class AuthConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
         description="When a session is within this many seconds of expiring, refresh it back to full length.",
         ge=30,
     )
-    failed_login_rate_limit: Optional[str] = Field(
+    failed_login_rate_limit: str | None = Field(
         default=None,
         title="Failed login limits",
         description="Rate limiting rules for failed login attempts to reduce brute-force attacks.",
@@ -57,12 +55,12 @@ class AuthConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
         title="Hash iterations",
         description="Number of PBKDF2-SHA256 iterations to use when hashing user passwords.",
     )
-    roles: Dict[str, List[str]] = Field(
+    roles: dict[str, list[str]] = Field(
         default_factory=dict,
         title="Role mappings",
         description="Map roles to camera lists. An empty list grants access to all cameras for the role.",
     )
-    admin_first_time_login: Optional[bool] = Field(
+    admin_first_time_login: bool | None = Field(
         default=False,
         title="First-time admin flag",
         description=(
@@ -72,7 +70,7 @@ class AuthConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
 
     @field_validator("roles")
     @classmethod
-    def validate_roles(cls, v: Dict[str, List[str]]) -> Dict[str, List[str]]:
+    def validate_roles(cls, v: dict[str, list[str]]) -> dict[str, list[str]]:
         # Ensure role names are valid (alphanumeric with underscores)
         for role in v.keys():
             if not role.replace("_", "").isalnum():

frigate/config/camera/audio.py

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from typing import Optional
-
 from pydantic import Field
 
 from frigate.const import AUDIO_MIN_CONFIDENCE
@@ -43,12 +41,12 @@ class AudioConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
         title="Listen types",
         description="List of audio event types to detect (for example: bark, fire_alarm, speech, yell).",
     )
-    filters: Optional[dict[str, AudioFilterConfig]] = Field(
+    filters: dict[str, AudioFilterConfig] | None = Field(
         None,
         title="Audio filters",
         description="Per-audio-type filter settings such as confidence thresholds used to reduce false positives.",
     )
-    enabled_in_config: Optional[bool] = Field(
+    enabled_in_config: bool | None = Field(
         None,
         title="Original audio state",
         description="Indicates whether audio detection was originally enabled in the static config file.",

frigate/config/camera/birdseye.py

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from enum import Enum
-from typing import Optional
 
 from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
 
@@ -35,7 +34,7 @@ class BirdseyeLayoutConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
         ge=1.0,
         le=5.0,
     )
-    max_cameras: Optional[int] = Field(
+    max_cameras: int | None = Field(
         default=None,
         title="Max cameras",
         description="Maximum number of cameras to display at once in Birdseye; shows the most recent cameras.",

frigate/config/camera/camera.py

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import os
 from enum import Enum
-from typing import Optional
 
 from pydantic import Field, PrivateAttr, model_validator
 
@@ -51,14 +50,14 @@ class CameraTypeEnum(str, Enum):
 
 
 class CameraConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
-    name: Optional[str] = Field(
+    name: str | None = Field(
         None,
         title="Camera name",
         description="Camera name is required",
         pattern=REGEX_CAMERA_NAME,
     )
 
-    friendly_name: Optional[str] = Field(
+    friendly_name: str | None = Field(
         None,
         title="Friendly name",
         description="Camera friendly name used in the Frigate UI",
@@ -180,7 +179,7 @@ class CameraConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
         title="Camera UI",
         description="Display ordering and visibility for this camera in the UI. Ordering affects the default dashboard. For more granular control, use camera groups.",
     )
-    webui_url: Optional[str] = Field(
+    webui_url: str | None = Field(
         None,
         title="Camera URL",
         description="URL to visit the camera directly from system page",
@@ -196,7 +195,7 @@ class CameraConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
         title="Zones",
         description="Zones allow you to define a specific area of the frame so you can determine whether or not an object is within a particular area.",
     )
-    enabled_in_config: Optional[bool] = Field(
+    enabled_in_config: bool | None = Field(
         default=None,
         title="Original camera state",
         description="Keep track of original state of camera.",

frigate/config/camera/detect.py

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from typing import Optional
-
 from pydantic import Field, model_validator
 
 from ..base import FrigateBaseModel
@@ -8,7 +6,7 @@ __all__ = ["DetectConfig", "StationaryConfig", "StationaryMaxFramesConfig"]
 
 
 class StationaryMaxFramesConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
-    default: Optional[int] = Field(
+    default: int | None = Field(
         default=None,
         title="Default max frames",
         description="Default maximum frames to track a stationary object before stopping.",
@@ -22,13 +20,13 @@ class StationaryMaxFramesConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
 
 
 class StationaryConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
-    interval: Optional[int] = Field(
+    interval: int | None = Field(
         default=None,
         title="Stationary interval",
         description="How often (in frames) to run a detection check to confirm a stationary object.",
         gt=0,
     )
-    threshold: Optional[int] = Field(
+    threshold: int | None = Field(
         default=None,
         title="Stationary threshold",
         description="Number of frames with no position change required to mark an object as stationary.",
@@ -52,12 +50,12 @@ class DetectConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
         title="Enable object detection",
         description="Enable or disable object detection for all cameras; can be overridden per-camera.",
     )
-    height: Optional[int] = Field(
+    height: int | None = Field(
         default=None,
         title="Detect height",
         description="Height (pixels) of frames used for the detect stream; leave empty to use the native stream resolution.",
     )
-    width: Optional[int] = Field(
+    width: int | None = Field(
         default=None,
         title="Detect width",
         description="Width (pixels) of frames used for the detect stream; leave empty to use the native stream resolution.",
@@ -67,13 +65,13 @@ class DetectConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
         title="Detect FPS",
         description="Desired frames per second to run detection on; lower values reduce CPU usage (recommended value is 5, only set higher - at most 10 - if tracking extremely fast moving objects).",
     )
-    min_initialized: Optional[int] = Field(
+    min_initialized: int | None = Field(
         default=None,
         title="Minimum initialization frames",
         description="Number of consecutive detection hits required before creating a tracked object. Increase to reduce false initializations. Default value is fps divided by 2.",
         ge=2,
     )
-    max_disappeared: Optional[int] = Field(
+    max_disappeared: int | None = Field(
         default=None,
         title="Maximum disappeared frames",
         description="Number of frames without a detection before a tracked object is considered gone.",

frigate/config/camera/ffmpeg.py

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from enum import Enum
-from typing import Union
 
 from pydantic import Field, field_validator
 
@@ -33,12 +32,12 @@ DETECT_FFMPEG_OUTPUT_ARGS_DEFAULT = [
 
 
 class FfmpegOutputArgsConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
-    detect: Union[str, list[str]] = Field(
+    detect: str | list[str] = Field(
         default=DETECT_FFMPEG_OUTPUT_ARGS_DEFAULT,
         title="Detect output arguments",
         description="Default output arguments for detect role streams.",
     )
-    record: Union[str, list[str]] = Field(
+    record: str | list[str] = Field(
         default=RECORD_FFMPEG_OUTPUT_ARGS_DEFAULT,
         title="Record output arguments",
         description="Default output arguments for record role streams.",
@@ -51,17 +50,17 @@ class FfmpegConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
         title="FFmpeg path",
         description='Path to the FFmpeg binary to use or a version alias ("7.0" or "8.0").',
     )
-    global_args: Union[str, list[str]] = Field(
+    global_args: str | list[str] = Field(
         default=FFMPEG_GLOBAL_ARGS_DEFAULT,
         title="FFmpeg global arguments",
         description="Global arguments passed to FFmpeg processes.",
     )
-    hwaccel_args: Union[str, list[str]] = Field(
+    hwaccel_args: str | list[str] = Field(
         default="auto",
         title="Hardware acceleration arguments",
         description="Hardware acceleration arguments for FFmpeg. Provider-specific presets are recommended.",
     )
-    input_args: Union[str, list[str]] = Field(
+    input_args: str | list[str] = Field(
         default=FFMPEG_INPUT_ARGS_DEFAULT,
         title="Input arguments",
         description="Input arguments applied to FFmpeg input streams.",
@@ -112,17 +111,17 @@ class CameraInput(FrigateBaseModel):
         title="Input roles",
         description="Roles for this input stream.",
     )
-    global_args: Union[str, list[str]] = Field(
+    global_args: str | list[str] = Field(
         default_factory=list,
         title="FFmpeg global arguments",
         description="FFmpeg global arguments for this input stream.",
     )
-    hwaccel_args: Union[str, list[str]] = Field(
+    hwaccel_args: str | list[str] = Field(
         default_factory=list,
         title="Hardware acceleration arguments",
         description="Hardware acceleration arguments for this input stream.",
     )
-    input_args: Union[str, list[str]] = Field(
+    input_args: str | list[str] = Field(
         default_factory=list,
         title="Input arguments",
         description="Input arguments specific to this stream.",

frigate/config/camera/genai.py

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 from enum import Enum
-from typing import Any, Optional
+from typing import Any
 
 from pydantic import Field
 
@@ -26,12 +26,12 @@ class GenAIRoleEnum(str, Enum):
 class GenAIConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
     """Primary GenAI Config to define GenAI Provider."""
 
-    api_key: Optional[EnvString] = Field(
+    api_key: EnvString | None = Field(
         default=None,
         title="API key",
         description="API key required by some providers (can also be set via environment variables).",
     )
-    base_url: Optional[str] = Field(
+    base_url: str | None = Field(
         default=None,
         title="Base URL",
         description="Base URL for self-hosted or compatible providers (for example an Ollama instance).",

frigate/config/camera/live.py

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from typing import Dict
-
 from pydantic import Field
 
 from ..base import FrigateBaseModel
@@ -8,7 +6,7 @@ __all__ = ["CameraLiveConfig"]
 
 
 class CameraLiveConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
-    streams: Dict[str, str] = Field(
+    streams: dict[str, str] = Field(
         default_factory=list,
         title="Live stream names",
         description="Mapping of configured stream names to restream/go2rtc names used for live playback.",

frigate/config/camera/mask.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 """Mask configuration for motion and object masks."""
 
-from typing import Any, Optional, Union
+from typing import Any
 
 from pydantic import Field, field_serializer
 
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ __all__ = ["MotionMaskConfig", "ObjectMaskConfig"]
 class MotionMaskConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
     """Configuration for a single motion mask."""
 
-    friendly_name: Optional[str] = Field(
+    friendly_name: str | None = Field(
         default=None,
         title="Friendly name",
         description="A friendly name for this motion mask used in the Frigate UI",
@@ -22,13 +22,13 @@ class MotionMaskConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
         title="Enabled",
         description="Enable or disable this motion mask",
     )
-    coordinates: Union[str, list[str]] = Field(
+    coordinates: str | list[str] = Field(
         default="",
         title="Coordinates",
         description="Ordered x,y coordinates defining the motion mask polygon used to include/exclude areas.",
     )
-    raw_coordinates: Union[str, list[str]] = ""
-    enabled_in_config: Optional[bool] = Field(
+    raw_coordinates: str | list[str] = ""
+    enabled_in_config: bool | None = Field(
         default=None, title="Keep track of original state of motion mask."
     )
 
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ class MotionMaskConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
 class ObjectMaskConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
     """Configuration for a single object mask."""
 
-    friendly_name: Optional[str] = Field(
+    friendly_name: str | None = Field(
         default=None,
         title="Friendly name",
         description="A friendly name for this object mask used in the Frigate UI",
@@ -60,13 +60,13 @@ class ObjectMaskConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
         title="Enabled",
         description="Enable or disable this object mask",
     )
-    coordinates: Union[str, list[str]] = Field(
+    coordinates: str | list[str] = Field(
         default="",
         title="Coordinates",
         description="Ordered x,y coordinates defining the object mask polygon used to include/exclude areas.",
     )
-    raw_coordinates: Union[str, list[str]] = ""
-    enabled_in_config: Optional[bool] = Field(
+    raw_coordinates: str | list[str] = ""
+    enabled_in_config: bool | None = Field(
         default=None, title="Keep track of original state of object mask."
     )
 

frigate/config/camera/motion.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from typing import Any, Optional
+from typing import Any
 
 from pydantic import Field, field_serializer
 
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class MotionConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
         ge=0.3,
         le=1.0,
     )
-    skip_motion_threshold: Optional[float] = Field(
+    skip_motion_threshold: float | None = Field(
         default=None,
         title="Skip motion threshold",
         description="If set to a value between 0.0 and 1.0, and more than this fraction of the image changes in a single frame, the detector will return no motion boxes and immediately recalibrate. This can save CPU and reduce false positives during lightning, storms, etc., but may miss real events such as a PTZ camera auto‑tracking an object. The trade‑off is between dropping a few megabytes of recordings versus reviewing a couple short clips. Leave unset (None) to disable this feature.",
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class MotionConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
         title="Improve contrast",
         description="Apply contrast improvement to frames before motion analysis to help detection.",
     )
-    contour_area: Optional[int] = Field(
+    contour_area: int | None = Field(
         default=10,
         title="Contour area",
         description="Minimum contour area in pixels required for a motion contour to be counted.",
@@ -55,12 +55,12 @@ class MotionConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
         title="Frame alpha",
         description="Alpha value used when blending frames for motion preprocessing.",
     )
-    frame_height: Optional[int] = Field(
+    frame_height: int | None = Field(
         default=100,
         title="Frame height",
         description="Height in pixels to scale frames to when computing motion.",
     )
-    mask: dict[str, Optional[MotionMaskConfig]] = Field(
+    mask: dict[str, MotionMaskConfig | None] = Field(
         default_factory=dict,
         title="Mask coordinates",
         description="Ordered x,y coordinates defining the motion mask polygon used to include/exclude areas.",
@@ -70,12 +70,12 @@ class MotionConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
         title="MQTT off delay",
         description="Seconds to wait after last motion before publishing an MQTT 'off' state.",
     )
-    enabled_in_config: Optional[bool] = Field(
+    enabled_in_config: bool | None = Field(
         default=None,
         title="Original motion state",
         description="Indicates whether motion detection was enabled in the original static configuration.",
     )
-    raw_mask: dict[str, Optional[MotionMaskConfig]] = Field(
+    raw_mask: dict[str, MotionMaskConfig | None] = Field(
         default_factory=dict, exclude=True
     )
 

frigate/config/camera/notification.py

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from typing import Optional
-
 from pydantic import Field
 
 from ..base import FrigateBaseModel
@@ -13,7 +11,7 @@ class NotificationConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
         title="Enable notifications",
         description="Enable or disable notifications for all cameras; can be overridden per-camera.",
     )
-    email: Optional[str] = Field(
+    email: str | None = Field(
         default=None,
         title="Notification email",
         description="Email address used for push notifications or required by certain notification providers.",
@@ -24,7 +22,7 @@ class NotificationConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
         title="Cooldown period",
         description="Cooldown (seconds) between notifications to avoid spamming recipients.",
     )
-    enabled_in_config: Optional[bool] = Field(
+    enabled_in_config: bool | None = Field(
         default=None,
         title="Original notifications state",
         description="Indicates whether notifications were enabled in the original static configuration.",

frigate/config/camera/objects.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from typing import Any, Optional, Union
+from typing import Any
 
 from pydantic import Field, PrivateAttr, field_serializer, field_validator
 
@@ -12,12 +12,12 @@ DEFAULT_TRACKED_OBJECTS = ["person"]
 
 
 class FilterConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
-    min_area: Union[int, float] = Field(
+    min_area: int | float = Field(
         default=0,
         title="Minimum object area",
         description="Minimum bounding box area (pixels or percentage) required for this object type. Can be pixels (int) or percentage (float between 0.000001 and 0.99).",
     )
-    max_area: Union[int, float] = Field(
+    max_area: int | float = Field(
         default=24000000,
         title="Maximum object area",
         description="Maximum bounding box area (pixels or percentage) allowed for this object type. Can be pixels (int) or percentage (float between 0.000001 and 0.99).",
@@ -42,12 +42,12 @@ class FilterConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
         title="Minimum confidence",
         description="Minimum single-frame detection confidence required for the object to be counted.",
     )
-    mask: dict[str, Optional[ObjectMaskConfig]] = Field(
+    mask: dict[str, ObjectMaskConfig | None] = Field(
         default_factory=dict,
         title="Filter mask",
         description="Polygon coordinates defining where this filter applies within the frame.",
     )
-    raw_mask: dict[str, Optional[ObjectMaskConfig]] = Field(
+    raw_mask: dict[str, ObjectMaskConfig | None] = Field(
         default_factory=dict, exclude=True
     )
 
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ class GenAIObjectTriggerConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
         title="Send on end",
         description="Send a request to GenAI when the tracked object ends.",
     )
-    after_significant_updates: Optional[int] = Field(
+    after_significant_updates: int | None = Field(
         default=None,
         title="Early GenAI trigger",
         description="Send a request to GenAI after a specified number of significant updates for the tracked object.",
@@ -98,12 +98,12 @@ class GenAIObjectConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
         description="Per-object prompts to customize GenAI outputs for specific labels.",
     )
 
-    objects: Union[str, list[str]] = Field(
+    objects: str | list[str] = Field(
         default_factory=list,
         title="GenAI objects",
         description="List of object labels to send to GenAI by default.",
     )
-    required_zones: Union[str, list[str]] = Field(
+    required_zones: str | list[str] = Field(
         default_factory=list,
         title="Required zones",
         description="Zones that must be entered for objects to qualify for GenAI description generation.",
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ class GenAIObjectConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
         title="GenAI triggers",
         description="Defines when frames should be sent to GenAI (on end, after updates, etc.).",
     )
-    enabled_in_config: Optional[bool] = Field(
+    enabled_in_config: bool | None = Field(
         default=None,
         title="Original GenAI state",
         description="Indicates whether GenAI was enabled in the original static config.",
@@ -144,12 +144,12 @@ class ObjectConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
         title="Object filters",
         description="Filters applied to detected objects to reduce false positives (area, ratio, confidence).",
     )
-    mask: dict[str, Optional[ObjectMaskConfig]] = Field(
+    mask: dict[str, ObjectMaskConfig | None] = Field(
         default_factory=dict,
         title="Object mask",
         description="Mask polygon used to prevent object detection in specified areas.",
     )
-    raw_mask: dict[str, Optional[ObjectMaskConfig]] = Field(
+    raw_mask: dict[str, ObjectMaskConfig | None] = Field(
         default_factory=dict, exclude=True
     )
     genai: GenAIObjectConfig = Field(

frigate/config/camera/onvif.py

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from enum import Enum
-from typing import Optional, Union
 
 from pydantic import Field, field_validator
 
@@ -59,12 +58,12 @@ class PtzAutotrackConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
         title="Return timeout",
         description="Wait this many seconds after losing tracking before returning camera to preset position.",
     )
-    movement_weights: Optional[Union[str, list[str]]] = Field(
+    movement_weights: str | list[str] | None = Field(
         default_factory=list,
         title="Movement weights",
         description="Calibration values automatically generated by camera calibration. Do not modify manually.",
     )
-    enabled_in_config: Optional[bool] = Field(
+    enabled_in_config: bool | None = Field(
         default=None,
         title="Original autotrack state",
         description="Internal field to track whether autotracking was enabled in configuration.",
@@ -102,12 +101,12 @@ class OnvifConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
         title="ONVIF port",
         description="Port number for the ONVIF service.",
     )
-    user: Optional[EnvString] = Field(
+    user: EnvString | None = Field(
         default=None,
         title="ONVIF username",
         description="Username for ONVIF authentication; some devices require admin user for ONVIF.",
     )
-    password: Optional[EnvString] = Field(
+    password: EnvString | None = Field(
         default=None,
         title="ONVIF password",
         description="Password for ONVIF authentication.",
@@ -117,7 +116,7 @@ class OnvifConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
         title="Disable TLS verify",
         description="Skip TLS verification and disable digest auth for ONVIF (unsafe; use in safe networks only).",
     )
-    profile: Optional[str] = Field(
+    profile: str | None = Field(
         default=None,
         title="ONVIF profile",
         description="Specific ONVIF media profile to use for PTZ control, matched by token or name. If not set, the first profile with valid PTZ configuration is selected automatically.",

frigate/config/camera/profile.py

@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 """Camera profile configuration for named config overrides."""
 
-from typing import Optional
-
 from ..base import FrigateBaseModel
 from ..classification import (
     CameraFaceRecognitionConfig,
@@ -29,16 +27,16 @@ class CameraProfileConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
     explicitly-set fields are used as overrides via exclude_unset.
     """
 
-    enabled: Optional[bool] = None
-    audio: Optional[AudioConfig] = None
-    birdseye: Optional[BirdseyeCameraConfig] = None
-    detect: Optional[DetectConfig] = None
-    face_recognition: Optional[CameraFaceRecognitionConfig] = None
-    lpr: Optional[CameraLicensePlateRecognitionConfig] = None
-    motion: Optional[MotionConfig] = None
-    notifications: Optional[NotificationConfig] = None
-    objects: Optional[ObjectConfig] = None
-    record: Optional[RecordConfig] = None
-    review: Optional[ReviewConfig] = None
-    snapshots: Optional[SnapshotsConfig] = None
-    zones: Optional[dict[str, ZoneConfig]] = None
+    enabled: bool | None = None
+    audio: AudioConfig | None = None
+    birdseye: BirdseyeCameraConfig | None = None
+    detect: DetectConfig | None = None
+    face_recognition: CameraFaceRecognitionConfig | None = None
+    lpr: CameraLicensePlateRecognitionConfig | None = None
+    motion: MotionConfig | None = None
+    notifications: NotificationConfig | None = None
+    objects: ObjectConfig | None = None
+    record: RecordConfig | None = None
+    review: ReviewConfig | None = None
+    snapshots: SnapshotsConfig | None = None
+    zones: dict[str, ZoneConfig] | None = None

frigate/config/camera/record.py

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from enum import Enum
-from typing import Optional, Union
 
 from pydantic import Field
 
@@ -94,7 +93,7 @@ class ChaptersEnum(str, Enum):
 
 
 class RecordExportConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
-    hwaccel_args: Union[str, list[str]] = Field(
+    hwaccel_args: str | list[str] = Field(
         default="auto",
         title="Export hwaccel args",
         description="Hardware acceleration args to use for export/transcode operations.",
@@ -152,7 +151,7 @@ class RecordConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
         title="Preview config",
         description="Settings controlling the quality of recording previews shown in the UI.",
     )
-    enabled_in_config: Optional[bool] = Field(
+    enabled_in_config: bool | None = Field(
         default=None,
         title="Original recording state",
         description="Indicates whether recording was enabled in the original static configuration.",

frigate/config/camera/review.py

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from enum import Enum
-from typing import Optional, Union
 
 from pydantic import Field, field_validator
 
@@ -32,13 +31,13 @@ class AlertsConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
         title="Alert labels",
         description="List of object labels that qualify as alerts (for example: car, person).",
     )
-    required_zones: Union[str, list[str]] = Field(
+    required_zones: str | list[str] = Field(
         default_factory=list,
         title="Required zones",
         description="Zones that an object must enter to be considered an alert; leave empty to allow any zone.",
     )
 
-    enabled_in_config: Optional[bool] = Field(
+    enabled_in_config: bool | None = Field(
         default=None,
         title="Original alerts state",
         description="Tracks whether alerts were originally enabled in the static configuration.",
@@ -67,12 +66,12 @@ class DetectionsConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
         description="Enable or disable detection events for all cameras; can be overridden per-camera.",
     )
 
-    labels: Optional[list[str]] = Field(
+    labels: list[str] | None = Field(
         default=None,
         title="Detection labels",
         description="List of object labels that qualify as detection events.",
     )
-    required_zones: Union[str, list[str]] = Field(
+    required_zones: str | list[str] = Field(
         default_factory=list,
         title="Required zones",
         description="Zones that an object must enter to be considered a detection; leave empty to allow any zone.",
@@ -83,7 +82,7 @@ class DetectionsConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
         description="Seconds to wait after no detection-causing activity before cutting off a detection.",
     )
 
-    enabled_in_config: Optional[bool] = Field(
+    enabled_in_config: bool | None = Field(
         default=None,
         title="Original detections state",
         description="Tracks whether detections were originally enabled in the static configuration.",
@@ -129,7 +128,7 @@ class GenAIReviewConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
         title="Save thumbnails",
         description="Save thumbnails that are sent to the GenAI provider for debugging and review.",
     )
-    enabled_in_config: Optional[bool] = Field(
+    enabled_in_config: bool | None = Field(
         default=None,
         title="Original GenAI state",
         description="Tracks whether GenAI review was originally enabled in the static configuration.",

frigate/config/camera/snapshots.py

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from typing import Optional
-
 from pydantic import Field
 
 from ..base import FrigateBaseModel
@@ -46,7 +44,7 @@ class SnapshotsConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
         title="Required zones",
         description="Zones an object must enter for a snapshot to be saved.",
     )
-    height: Optional[int] = Field(
+    height: int | None = Field(
         default=None,
         title="Snapshot height",
         description="Height (pixels) to resize snapshots from API to; leave empty to preserve original size.",

frigate/config/camera/timestamp.py

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from enum import Enum
-from typing import Optional
 
 from pydantic import Field
 
@@ -76,7 +75,7 @@ class TimestampStyleConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
         title="Timestamp thickness",
         description="Line thickness of the timestamp text.",
     )
-    effect: Optional[TimestampEffectEnum] = Field(
+    effect: TimestampEffectEnum | None = Field(
         default=None,
         title="Timestamp effect",
         description="Visual effect for the timestamp text (none, solid, shadow).",

frigate/config/camera/zone.py

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 # this uses the base model because the color is an extra attribute
 import logging
-from typing import Optional, Union
 
 import numpy as np
 from pydantic import BaseModel, Field, PrivateAttr, field_validator, model_validator
@@ -13,7 +12,7 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
 class ZoneConfig(BaseModel):
-    friendly_name: Optional[str] = Field(
+    friendly_name: str | None = Field(
         None,
         title="Zone name",
         description="A user-friendly name for the zone, displayed in the Frigate UI. If not set, a formatted version of the zone name will be used.",
@@ -23,7 +22,7 @@ class ZoneConfig(BaseModel):
         title="Enabled",
         description="Enable or disable this zone. Disabled zones are ignored at runtime.",
     )
-    enabled_in_config: Optional[bool] = Field(
+    enabled_in_config: bool | None = Field(
         default=None, title="Keep track of original state of zone."
     )
     filters: dict[str, FilterConfig] = Field(
@@ -31,11 +30,11 @@ class ZoneConfig(BaseModel):
         title="Zone filters",
         description="Filters to apply to objects within this zone. Used to reduce false positives or restrict which objects are considered present in the zone.",
     )
-    coordinates: Union[str, list[str]] = Field(
+    coordinates: str | list[str] = Field(
         title="Coordinates",
         description="Polygon coordinates that define the zone area. Can be a comma-separated string or a list of coordinate strings. Coordinates should be relative (0-1) or absolute (legacy).",
     )
-    distances: Optional[Union[str, list[str]]] = Field(
+    distances: str | list[str] | None = Field(
         default_factory=list,
         title="Real-world distances",
         description="Optional real-world distances for each side of the zone quadrilateral, used for speed or distance calculations. Must have exactly 4 values if set.",
@@ -52,18 +51,18 @@ class ZoneConfig(BaseModel):
         title="Loitering seconds",
         description="Number of seconds an object must remain in the zone to be considered as loitering. Set to 0 to disable loitering detection.",
     )
-    speed_threshold: Optional[float] = Field(
+    speed_threshold: float | None = Field(
         default=None,
         ge=0.1,
         title="Minimum speed",
         description="Minimum speed (in real-world units if distances are set) required for an object to be considered present in the zone. Used for speed-based zone triggers.",
     )
-    objects: Union[str, list[str]] = Field(
+    objects: str | list[str] = Field(
         default_factory=list,
         title="Trigger objects",
         description="List of object types (from labelmap) that can trigger this zone. Can be a string or a list of strings. If empty, all objects are considered.",
     )
-    _color: Optional[tuple[int, int, int]] = PrivateAttr()
+    _color: tuple[int, int, int] | None = PrivateAttr()
     _contour: np.ndarray = PrivateAttr()
 
     @property
@@ -147,7 +146,7 @@ class ZoneConfig(BaseModel):
             except ValueError:
                 raise ValueError(
                     f"Invalid coordinates found in configuration file. Coordinates must be relative (between 0-1): {coordinates}"
-                )
+                ) from None
 
             if explicit:
                 self.coordinates = ",".join(
@@ -176,7 +175,7 @@ class ZoneConfig(BaseModel):
             except ValueError:
                 raise ValueError(
                     f"Invalid coordinates found in configuration file. Coordinates must be relative (between 0-1): {coordinates}"
-                )
+                ) from None
 
             if explicit:
                 self.coordinates = ",".join(

frigate/config/camera_group.py

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from typing import Union
-
 from pydantic import Field, field_validator
 
 from .base import FrigateBaseModel
@@ -8,7 +6,7 @@ __all__ = ["CameraGroupConfig"]
 
 
 class CameraGroupConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
-    cameras: Union[str, list[str]] = Field(
+    cameras: str | list[str] = Field(
         default_factory=list,
         title="Camera list",
         description="Array of camera names included in this group.",

frigate/config/classification.py

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from enum import Enum
-from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Union
 
 from pydantic import ConfigDict, Field, field_validator
 
@@ -68,7 +67,7 @@ class AudioTranscriptionConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
         title="Model size",
         description="Model size to use for offline audio event transcription.",
     )
-    live_enabled: Optional[bool] = Field(
+    live_enabled: bool | None = Field(
         default=False,
         title="Live transcription",
         description="Enable streaming live transcription for audio as it is received.",
@@ -98,7 +97,7 @@ class CustomClassificationStateCameraConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
 
 
 class CustomClassificationStateConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
-    cameras: Dict[str, CustomClassificationStateCameraConfig] = Field(
+    cameras: dict[str, CustomClassificationStateCameraConfig] = Field(
         title="Classification cameras",
         description="Per-camera crop and settings for running state classification.",
     )
@@ -160,7 +159,7 @@ class ClassificationConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
         title="Bird classification config",
         description="Settings specific to bird classification models.",
     )
-    custom: Dict[str, CustomClassificationConfig] = Field(
+    custom: dict[str, CustomClassificationConfig] = Field(
         default={},
         title="Custom Classification Models",
         description="Configuration for custom classification models used for objects or state detection.",
@@ -173,12 +172,12 @@ class SemanticSearchConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
         title="Enable semantic search",
         description="Enable or disable the semantic search feature.",
     )
-    reindex: Optional[bool] = Field(
+    reindex: bool | None = Field(
         default=False,
         title="Reindex on startup",
         description="Trigger a full reindex of historical tracked objects into the embeddings database.",
     )
-    model: Optional[Union[SemanticSearchModelEnum, str]] = Field(
+    model: SemanticSearchModelEnum | str | None = Field(
         default=SemanticSearchModelEnum.jinav1,
         title="Semantic search model or GenAI provider name",
         description="The embeddings model to use for semantic search (for example 'jinav1'), or the name of a GenAI provider with the embeddings role.",
@@ -199,7 +198,7 @@ class SemanticSearchConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
         title="Model size",
         description="Select model size; 'small' runs on CPU and 'large' typically requires GPU.",
     )
-    device: Optional[str] = Field(
+    device: str | None = Field(
         default=None,
         title="Device",
         description="This is an override, to target a specific device. See https://onnxruntime.ai/docs/execution-providers/ for more information",
@@ -207,7 +206,7 @@ class SemanticSearchConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
 
 
 class TriggerConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
-    friendly_name: Optional[str] = Field(
+    friendly_name: str | None = Field(
         None,
         title="Friendly name",
         description="Optional friendly name displayed in the UI for this trigger.",
@@ -233,7 +232,7 @@ class TriggerConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
         gt=0.0,
         le=1.0,
     )
-    actions: List[TriggerAction] = Field(
+    actions: list[TriggerAction] = Field(
         default=[],
         title="Trigger actions",
         description="List of actions to execute when trigger matches (notification, sub_label, attribute).",
@@ -243,7 +242,7 @@ class TriggerConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
 
 
 class CameraSemanticSearchConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
-    triggers: Dict[str, TriggerConfig] = Field(
+    triggers: dict[str, TriggerConfig] = Field(
         default={},
         title="Triggers",
         description="Actions and matching criteria for camera-specific semantic search triggers.",
@@ -307,7 +306,7 @@ class FaceRecognitionConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
         title="Blur confidence filter",
         description="Adjust confidence scores based on image blur to reduce false positives for poor quality faces.",
     )
-    device: Optional[str] = Field(
+    device: str | None = Field(
         default=None,
         title="Device",
         description="This is an override, to target a specific device. See https://onnxruntime.ai/docs/execution-providers/ for more information",
@@ -369,7 +368,7 @@ class LicensePlateRecognitionConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
         title="Min plate length",
         description="Minimum number of characters a recognized plate must contain to be considered valid.",
     )
-    format: Optional[str] = Field(
+    format: str | None = Field(
         default=None,
         title="Plate format regex",
         description="Optional regex to validate recognized plate strings against an expected format.",
@@ -380,7 +379,7 @@ class LicensePlateRecognitionConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
         description="Number of character mismatches allowed when comparing detected plates to known plates.",
         ge=0,
     )
-    known_plates: Optional[Dict[str, List[str]]] = Field(
+    known_plates: dict[str, list[str]] | None = Field(
         default={},
         title="Known plates",
         description="List of plates or regexes to specially track or alert on.",
@@ -397,12 +396,12 @@ class LicensePlateRecognitionConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
         title="Save debug plates",
         description="Save plate crop images for debugging LPR performance.",
     )
-    device: Optional[str] = Field(
+    device: str | None = Field(
         default=None,
         title="Device",
         description="This is an override, to target a specific device. See https://onnxruntime.ai/docs/execution-providers/ for more information",
     )
-    replace_rules: List[ReplaceRule] = Field(
+    replace_rules: list[ReplaceRule] = Field(
         default_factory=list,
         title="Replacement rules",
         description="Regex replacement rules used to normalize detected plate strings before matching.",
@@ -443,10 +442,10 @@ class CameraAudioTranscriptionConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
         title="Enable transcription",
         description="Enable or disable manually triggered audio event transcription.",
     )
-    enabled_in_config: Optional[bool] = Field(
+    enabled_in_config: bool | None = Field(
         default=None, title="Original transcription state"
     )
-    live_enabled: Optional[bool] = Field(
+    live_enabled: bool | None = Field(
         default=False,
         title="Live transcription",
         description="Enable streaming live transcription for audio as it is received.",

frigate/config/config.py

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import io
 import json
 import logging
 import os
-from typing import Any, Dict, Optional
+from typing import Any, Self
 
 import numpy as np
 from pydantic import (
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ from pydantic import (
     model_validator,
 )
 from ruamel.yaml import YAML
-from typing_extensions import Self
 
 from frigate.const import REGEX_JSON
 from frigate.detectors import DetectorConfig, ModelConfig
@@ -174,7 +173,7 @@ class RuntimeMotionConfig(MotionConfig):
 class RuntimeFilterConfig(FilterConfig):
     """Runtime version of FilterConfig with rasterized masks."""
 
-    rasterized_mask: Optional[np.ndarray] = Field(default=None, exclude=True)
+    rasterized_mask: np.ndarray | None = Field(default=None, exclude=True)
 
     def __init__(self, **config):
         frame_shape = config.get("frame_shape", (1, 1))
@@ -293,7 +292,7 @@ def verify_recording_segments_setup_with_reasonable_time(
         raise ValueError(
             f"Camera {camera_config.name} has no segment_time in \
                          recording output args, segment args are required for record."
-        )
+        ) from None
 
     if int(record_args[seg_arg_index + 1]) > 60:
         raise ValueError(
@@ -420,7 +419,7 @@ def verify_lpr_and_face(
 
 
 class FrigateConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
-    version: Optional[str] = Field(
+    version: str | None = Field(
         default=None,
         title="Current config version",
         description="Numeric or string version of the active configuration to help detect migrations or format changes.",
@@ -496,7 +495,7 @@ class FrigateConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
     )
 
     # Detector config
-    detectors: Dict[str, BaseDetectorConfig] = Field(
+    detectors: dict[str, BaseDetectorConfig] = Field(
         default=DEFAULT_DETECTORS,
         title="Detector hardware",
         description="Configuration for object detectors (CPU, GPU, ONNX backends) and any detector-specific model settings.",
@@ -508,14 +507,14 @@ class FrigateConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
     )
 
     # GenAI config (named provider configs: name -> GenAIConfig)
-    genai: Dict[str, GenAIConfig] = Field(
+    genai: dict[str, GenAIConfig] = Field(
         default_factory=dict,
         title="Generative AI configuration",
         description="Settings for integrated generative AI providers used to generate object descriptions and review summaries.",
     )
 
     # Camera config
-    cameras: Dict[str, CameraConfig] = Field(title="Cameras", description="Cameras")
+    cameras: dict[str, CameraConfig] = Field(title="Cameras", description="Cameras")
     audio: AudioConfig = Field(
         default_factory=AudioConfig,
         title="Audio detection",
@@ -541,7 +540,7 @@ class FrigateConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
         title="Live playback",
         description="Settings to control the jsmpeg live stream resolution and quality. This does not affect restreamed cameras that use go2rtc for live view.",
     )
-    motion: Optional[MotionConfig] = Field(
+    motion: MotionConfig | None = Field(
         default=None,
         title="Motion detection",
         description="Default motion detection settings applied to cameras unless overridden per-camera.",
@@ -599,19 +598,19 @@ class FrigateConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
         description="License plate recognition settings including detection thresholds, formatting, and known plates.",
     )
 
-    camera_groups: Dict[str, CameraGroupConfig] = Field(
+    camera_groups: dict[str, CameraGroupConfig] = Field(
         default_factory=dict,
         title="Camera groups",
         description="Configuration for named camera groups used to organize cameras in the UI.",
     )
 
-    profiles: Dict[str, ProfileDefinitionConfig] = Field(
+    profiles: dict[str, ProfileDefinitionConfig] = Field(
         default_factory=dict,
         title="Profiles",
         description="Named profile definitions with friendly names. Camera profiles must reference names defined here.",
     )
 
-    active_profile: Optional[str] = Field(
+    active_profile: str | None = Field(
         default=None,
         title="Active profile",
         description="Currently active profile name. Runtime-only, not persisted in YAML.",
@@ -1054,7 +1053,7 @@ class FrigateConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
 
     @field_validator("cameras")
     @classmethod
-    def ensure_zones_and_cameras_have_different_names(cls, v: Dict[str, CameraConfig]):
+    def ensure_zones_and_cameras_have_different_names(cls, v: dict[str, CameraConfig]):
         zones = [zone for camera in v.values() for zone in camera.zones.keys()]
         for zone in zones:
             if zone in v.keys():
@@ -1136,7 +1135,7 @@ class FrigateConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
 
     @classmethod
     def parse_object(
-        cls, obj: Any, *, plus_api: Optional[PlusApi] = None, install: bool = False
+        cls, obj: Any, *, plus_api: PlusApi | None = None, install: bool = False
     ):
         return cls.model_validate(
             obj, context={"plus_api": plus_api, "install": install}

frigate/config/logger.py

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
+from typing import Self
+
 from pydantic import Field, ValidationInfo, model_validator
-from typing_extensions import Self
 
 from frigate.log import LogLevel, apply_log_levels