Merge remote-tracking branch 'origin/master' into dev

Brings the go2rtc security fixes from #24658 to dev. Dev-specific changes
in the merge:
- frigate/config/env.py stays deleted; the environment_vars protection for
  GO2RTC_ALLOW_ARBITRARY_EXEC moves to apply_config_env_vars in
  frigate/util/env.py, so the value never reaches os.environ
- services.py imports substitute_frigate_vars from frigate.util.env and
  maps UnknownVariableError to the unknown variable message
- go2rtc stream tests patch dev's import-time exec override snapshot and
  its FRIGATE_* variable sources
- test_http_media.py keeps dev's _insert_recording helper; the one added
  on master replaced it and broke the dev tests

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

docker/main/rootfs/usr/local/nginx/conf/auth_location.conf

@@ -14,7 +14,10 @@ location /auth {
     proxy_pass_request_headers off;
     # Pass info about the request
     proxy_set_header X-Original-Method $request_method;
-    proxy_set_header X-Original-URL $scheme://$http_host$request_uri;
+    proxy_set_header X-Original-URL $request_uri;
+    # set by the go2rtc stream locations; client headers are not forwarded, so
+    # this cannot be spoofed
+    proxy_set_header X-Go2rtc-Stream-Proxy $go2rtc_stream_proxy;
     proxy_set_header X-Server-Port $server_port;
     proxy_set_header Content-Length "";
     # Pass along auth related info

docker/main/rootfs/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf

@@ -219,6 +219,8 @@ http {
 
         # frigate lovelace card uses this path
         location /live/mse/api/ws {
+            # tells /auth to apply the go2rtc stream checks
+            set $go2rtc_stream_proxy 1;
             include auth_request.conf;
             limit_except GET {
                 deny  all;
@@ -228,6 +230,8 @@ http {
         }
 
         location /live/webrtc/api/ws {
+            # tells /auth to apply the go2rtc stream checks
+            set $go2rtc_stream_proxy 1;
             include auth_request.conf;
             limit_except GET {
                 deny  all;
@@ -248,6 +252,8 @@ http {
 
         # integration uses this to add webrtc candidate
         location /api/go2rtc/webrtc {
+            # tells /auth to apply the go2rtc stream checks
+            set $go2rtc_stream_proxy 1;
             include auth_request.conf;
             limit_except POST {
                 deny  all;

docker/main/rootfs/usr/local/nginx/conf/proxy.conf

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 proxy_set_header Host $host;
 proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
 proxy_set_header Connection "Upgrade";
-proxy_set_header X-Original-URL $scheme://$http_host$request_uri;
+proxy_set_header X-Original-URL $request_uri;
 proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
 proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Host $http_host;
 proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-URI $request_uri;

docs/docs/configuration/cameras.md

@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ The FeatureList on the [ONVIF Conformant Products Database](https://www.onvif.or
 | Amcrest ASH21                |      ✅      |      ❌      | ONVIF service port: 80                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            |
 | Amcrest IP4M-S2112EW-AI      |      ✅      |      ❌      | FOV relative movement not supported.                                                                                                                                                                                                                              |
 | Amcrest IP5M-1190EW          |      ✅      |      ❌      | ONVIF Port: 80. FOV relative movement not supported.                                                                                                                                                                                                              |
-| Annke CZ504                  |      ✅      |      ✅      | Annke support provide specific firmware ([V5.7.1 build 250227](https://github.com/pierrepinon/annke_cz504/raw/refs/heads/main/digicap_V5-7-1_build_250227.dav)) to fix issue with ONVIF "TranslationSpaceFov"                                                     |
+| Annke CZ504                  |      ✅      |      ❌      |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |
 | Axis Q-6155E                 |      ✅      |      ❌      | ONVIF service port: 80; Camera does not support MoveStatus.                                                                                                                                                                                                       |
 | Ctronics PTZ                 |      ✅      |      ❌      |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |
 | Dahua                        |      ✅      |      ✅      | Some low-end Dahuas (lite series, picoo series (commonly), among others) have been reported to not support autotracking. These models usually don't have a four digit model number with chassis prefix and options postfix (e.g. DH-P5AE-PV vs DH-SD49825GB-HNR). |

docs/docs/configuration/hardware_acceleration_video.md

@@ -136,7 +136,8 @@ ffmpeg:
 
 Frigate reads Intel GPU utilization directly from the kernel's per-client DRM usage counters exposed at `/proc/<pid>/fdinfo/<fd>`. This requires:
 
-- Linux kernel **5.19 or newer** for the `i915` driver, or any release of the `xe` driver.
+- An Intel GPU from Broadwell (5th gen) or newer. Older GPUs do not expose these counters on any kernel.
+- Linux kernel **5.19 or newer** for the `i915` driver (**6.5 or newer** on 12th gen and newer), or any release of the `xe` driver.
 - Frigate running with permission to read other processes' fdinfo. Running as root inside the container (the default) satisfies this; non-root setups may need `CAP_SYS_PTRACE`.
 
 No `intel_gpu_top` binary, `CAP_PERFMON`, privileged mode, or `perf_event_paranoid` tuning is required.

docs/docs/frigate/installation.md

@@ -78,9 +78,9 @@ Users of the Snapcraft build of Docker cannot use storage locations outside your
 
 Frigate utilizes shared memory to store frames during processing. The default `shm-size` provided by Docker is **64MB**.
 
-The default shm size of **128MB** is fine for setups with **2 cameras** detecting at **720p**. If Frigate is exiting with "Bus error" messages, it is likely because you have too many high resolution cameras and you need to specify a higher shm size, using [`--shm-size`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/run/#runtime-constraints-on-resources) (or [`service.shm_size`](https://docs.docker.com/compose/compose-file/compose-file-v2/#shm_size) in Docker Compose). If raising the shm size does not help, check your [process and file limits](#process-and-file-limits) as well.
+Frigate needs about **210MB** for **2 cameras** detecting at **720p**. If Frigate is exiting with "Bus error" messages, it is likely because you have too many high resolution cameras and you need to specify a higher shm size, using [`--shm-size`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/run/#runtime-constraints-on-resources) (or [`service.shm_size`](https://docs.docker.com/compose/compose-file/compose-file-v2/#shm_size) in Docker Compose). If raising the shm size does not help, check your [process and file limits](#process-and-file-limits) as well.
 
-The Frigate container also stores logs in shm, which can take up to **40MB**, so make sure to take this into account in your math as well.
+The Frigate container also stores logs and an nginx cache in shm, which can take up to **50MB**. The calculator below includes this, along with room for 2 cameras added while Frigate is running. Its result holds about 25 frames per camera, a little above the 20 frame minimum Frigate warns below. Frigate keeps up to 50 when there is room, which gives slow processes more time to read each frame.
 
 <ShmCalculator/>
 

docs/docs/frigate/updating.md

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ title: Updating
 
 # Updating Frigate
 
-The current stable version of Frigate is **0.18.0**. The release notes and any breaking changes for this version can be found on the [Frigate GitHub releases page](https://github.com/blakeblackshear/frigate/releases/tag/v0.18.0).
+The current stable version of Frigate is **0.18.1**. The release notes and any breaking changes for this version can be found on the [Frigate GitHub releases page](https://github.com/blakeblackshear/frigate/releases/tag/v0.18.1).
 
 Keeping Frigate up to date ensures you benefit from the latest features, performance improvements, and bug fixes. The update process varies slightly depending on your installation method (Docker, Home Assistant App, etc.). Below are instructions for the most common setups.
 
@@ -31,21 +31,21 @@ If you’re running Frigate via Docker (recommended method), follow these steps:
 
 2. **Update and Pull the Latest Image**:
    - If using Docker Compose:
-     - Edit your `docker-compose.yml` file to specify the desired version tag (e.g., `0.18.0` instead of `0.17.1`). For example:
+     - Edit your `docker-compose.yml` file to specify the desired version tag (e.g., `0.18.1` instead of `0.17.1`). For example:
        ```yaml
        services:
          frigate:
-           image: ghcr.io/blakeblackshear/frigate:0.18.0
+           image: ghcr.io/blakeblackshear/frigate:0.18.1
        ```
      - Then pull the image:
        ```bash
-       docker pull ghcr.io/blakeblackshear/frigate:0.18.0
+       docker pull ghcr.io/blakeblackshear/frigate:0.18.1
        ```
      - **Note for `stable` Tag Users**: If your `docker-compose.yml` uses the `stable` tag (e.g., `ghcr.io/blakeblackshear/frigate:stable`), you don’t need to update the tag manually. The `stable` tag always points to the latest stable release after pulling.
    - If using `docker run`:
-     - Pull the image with the appropriate tag (e.g., `0.18.0`, `0.18.0-tensorrt`, or `stable`):
+     - Pull the image with the appropriate tag (e.g., `0.18.1`, `0.18.1-tensorrt`, or `stable`):
        ```bash
-       docker pull ghcr.io/blakeblackshear/frigate:0.18.0
+       docker pull ghcr.io/blakeblackshear/frigate:0.18.1
        ```
 
 3. **Start the Container**:
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ If an update causes issues:
 1. Stop Frigate.
 2. Restore your backed-up config file and database.
 3. Revert to the previous image version:
-   - For Docker: Specify an older tag (e.g., `ghcr.io/blakeblackshear/frigate:0.17.1`) in your `docker run` command.
+   - For Docker: Specify an older tag (e.g., `ghcr.io/blakeblackshear/frigate:0.18.0`) in your `docker run` command.
    - For Docker Compose: Edit your `docker-compose.yml`, specify the older version tag (e.g., `ghcr.io/blakeblackshear/frigate:0.16.4`), and re-run `docker compose up -d`.
    - For Home Assistant: Restore from the app/addon backup you took before you updated.
 4. Verify the old version is running again.

docs/src/components/ShmCalculator/index.jsx

@@ -2,42 +2,53 @@ import React, { useState, useEffect } from "react";
 import Admonition from "@theme/Admonition";
 import styles from "./styles.module.css";
 
+// follows calculate_shm_requirements() in frigate/util/services.py, but sizes
+// for 25 frames so float rounding can't land under its 20 frame warning
+const MB = 1048576;
+const RESERVED_MB = 50; // logs + nginx cache
+const TARGET_FRAMES = 25;
+const DEFAULT_FRAMES = 50;
+
+const frameMb = (width, height) =>
+  Math.round(((width * height * 1.5 + 270480) / MB) * 10) / 10;
+
+// room for 2 cameras added at runtime, sized as 720p
+const addedCamerasMb = 2 * frameMb(1280, 720);
+
 const ShmCalculator = () => {
   const [width, setWidth] = useState(1280);
   const [height, setHeight] = useState(720);
   const [cameraCount, setCameraCount] = useState(1);
-  const [result, setResult] = useState("26.32MB");
-  const [singleCameraShm, setSingleCameraShm] = useState("26.32MB");
-  const [totalShm, setTotalShm] = useState("26.32MB");
+  const [result, setResult] = useState("-");
+  const [singleCameraShm, setSingleCameraShm] = useState("-");
+  const [addedCamerasShm, setAddedCamerasShm] = useState("-");
+  const [fullRingShm, setFullRingShm] = useState("-");
 
   const calculate = () => {
     if (!width || !height || !cameraCount) {
       setResult("Please enter valid values");
       setSingleCameraShm("-");
-      setTotalShm("-");
+      setAddedCamerasShm("-");
+      setFullRingShm("-");
       return;
     }
 
-    // Single camera base SHM calculation (excluding logs)
-    // Formula: (width * height * 1.5 * 20 + 270480) / 1048576
-    const singleCameraBase =
-      (width * height * 1.5 * 20 + 270480) / 1048576;
-    setSingleCameraShm(`${singleCameraBase.toFixed(2)}mb`);
+    const cameraFramesMb = cameraCount * frameMb(width, height) + addedCamerasMb;
 
-    // Total SHM calculation (multiple cameras, including logs)
-    const totalBase = singleCameraBase * cameraCount;
-    const finalResult = totalBase + 40; // Default includes logs +40mb
+    setSingleCameraShm(formatMb(frameMb(width, height) * TARGET_FRAMES));
+    setAddedCamerasShm(formatMb(addedCamerasMb * TARGET_FRAMES));
+    setResult(formatMb(Math.round(RESERVED_MB + cameraFramesMb * TARGET_FRAMES)));
+    setFullRingShm(
+      formatMb(Math.round(RESERVED_MB + cameraFramesMb * DEFAULT_FRAMES)),
+    );
+  };
 
-    setTotalShm(`${(totalBase + 40).toFixed(2)}mb`);
-
-    // Format result
-    if (finalResult < 1) {
-      setResult(`${(finalResult * 1024).toFixed(2)}kb`);
-    } else if (finalResult >= 1024) {
-      setResult(`${(finalResult / 1024).toFixed(2)}gb`);
-    } else {
-      setResult(`${finalResult.toFixed(2)}mb`);
+  const formatMb = (value) => {
+    if (value >= 1024) {
+      return `${(value / 1024).toFixed(2)}gb`;
     }
+
+    return `${Number(value.toFixed(2))}mb`;
   };
 
   const formatWithUnit = (value) => {
@@ -147,19 +158,27 @@ const ShmCalculator = () => {
           </div>
           <div className={styles.formulaDisplay}>
             <p>
-              <strong>Single Camera:</strong> {formatWithUnit(singleCameraShm)}
+              <strong>Per Camera:</strong> {formatWithUnit(singleCameraShm)}
             </p>
             <p>
-              <strong>Formula:</strong> (width × height × 1.5 × 20 + 270480) ÷
-              1048576
+              <strong>Formula:</strong> (width × height × 1.5 + 270480) ÷
+              1048576 × {TARGET_FRAMES} frames
             </p>
-            {cameraCount > 1 && (
-              <p>
-                <strong>Total ({cameraCount} cameras):</strong> {formatWithUnit(totalShm)}
-              </p>
-            )}
             <p>
-              <strong>With Logs:</strong> + 40<span className={styles.unit}>mb</span>
+              <strong>Room for 2 Added Cameras:</strong>{" "}
+              {formatWithUnit(addedCamerasShm)}
+            </p>
+            <p>
+              <strong>Logs and Cache:</strong> + {RESERVED_MB}
+              <span className={styles.unit}>mb</span>
+            </p>
+            <p>
+              <strong>Birdseye Restream:</strong> + 8
+              <span className={styles.unit}>mb</span> if enabled
+            </p>
+            <p>
+              <strong>For {DEFAULT_FRAMES} Frames:</strong>{" "}
+              {formatWithUnit(fullRingShm)}
             </p>
           </div>
         </div>

frigate/__main__.py

@@ -15,7 +15,9 @@ from frigate.util.config import find_config_file
 
 
 def main() -> None:
-    manager = mp.Manager()
+    # Fork this manager so the forkserver does not start until the first
+    # worker process, after the config has applied environment_vars.
+    manager = mp.get_context("fork").Manager()
     faulthandler.enable()
 
     # Setup the logging thread

frigate/api/app.py

@@ -78,6 +78,8 @@ from frigate.util.live_streams import (
 from frigate.util.object_names import get_categorized_object_names
 from frigate.util.schema import get_config_schema
 from frigate.util.services import (
+    Go2rtcStreamIssue,
+    find_restricted_go2rtc_stream_changes,
     get_nvidia_driver_info,
     process_logs,
     restart_frigate,
@@ -546,6 +548,63 @@ def config_raw():
         )
 
 
+def _go2rtc_streams(raw_config: str) -> Any:
+    """Load go2rtc.streams with the same loader Frigate and go2rtc startup use.
+
+    Raises ruamel.yaml.YAMLError when the config cannot be parsed.
+    """
+    loaded = ruamel.yaml.YAML().load(raw_config)
+    go2rtc = loaded.get("go2rtc") if isinstance(loaded, dict) else None
+    return go2rtc.get("streams") if isinstance(go2rtc, dict) else None
+
+
+def _restricted_go2rtc_streams_response(
+    old_raw_config: str, new_raw_config: str
+) -> JSONResponse | None:
+    """Reject config changes that add restricted go2rtc stream sources.
+
+    The same sources are rejected by PUT /go2rtc/streams, and go2rtc would
+    otherwise load them from the saved config on the next restart.
+    """
+    try:
+        new_streams = _go2rtc_streams(new_raw_config)
+    except ruamel.yaml.YAMLError:
+        logger.warning("Rejected config change that could not be parsed")
+        return JSONResponse(
+            content={"success": False, "message": "Unable to parse config"},
+            status_code=400,
+        )
+
+    try:
+        old_streams = _go2rtc_streams(old_raw_config)
+    except ruamel.yaml.YAMLError:
+        # with no readable saved config, every source is treated as new
+        old_streams = None
+
+    issues = find_restricted_go2rtc_stream_changes(old_streams, new_streams)
+    if not issues:
+        return None
+
+    messages = []
+    for issue, label in (
+        (Go2rtcStreamIssue.restricted, "Restricted go2rtc stream source in"),
+        (Go2rtcStreamIssue.unknown_variable, "Unknown variable in go2rtc stream"),
+        (
+            Go2rtcStreamIssue.invalid_placeholder,
+            "Invalid variable placeholder in go2rtc stream",
+        ),
+    ):
+        names = [name for name, found in issues.items() if found == issue]
+        if names:
+            messages.append(f"{label}: {', '.join(names)}")
+
+    logger.warning("Rejected config change: %s", "; ".join(messages))
+    return JSONResponse(
+        content={"success": False, "message": "; ".join(messages)},
+        status_code=400,
+    )
+
+
 @router.post("/config/save", dependencies=[Depends(require_role(["admin"]))])
 def config_save(save_option: str, body: Any = Body(media_type="text/plain")):
     new_config = body.decode()
@@ -622,10 +681,22 @@ def config_save(save_option: str, body: Any = Body(media_type="text/plain")):
             status_code=400,
         )
 
+    config_file = find_config_file()
+
+    try:
+        with open(config_file) as f:
+            old_raw_config = f.read()
+    except OSError:
+        old_raw_config = ""
+
+    restricted_response = _restricted_go2rtc_streams_response(
+        old_raw_config, new_config
+    )
+    if restricted_response is not None:
+        return restricted_response
+
     # Save the config to file
     try:
-        config_file = find_config_file()
-
         with open(config_file, "w") as f:
             f.write(new_config)
             f.close()
@@ -960,6 +1031,13 @@ def config_set(request: Request, body: AppConfigSetBody):
                         ),
                         status_code=400,
                     )
+                restricted_response = _restricted_go2rtc_streams_response(
+                    old_raw_config, new_raw_config
+                )
+                if restricted_response is not None:
+                    with open(config_file, "w") as f:
+                        f.write(old_raw_config)
+                    return restricted_response
             except Exception as e:
                 logging.error(f"Error updating config: {e}")
                 return JSONResponse(

frigate/api/auth.py

@@ -12,8 +12,9 @@ import threading
 import time
 from datetime import datetime
 from pathlib import Path
-from urllib.parse import parse_qs, urlparse
+from urllib.parse import parse_qs, unquote
 
+import requests
 from fastapi import APIRouter, Depends, HTTPException, Request, Response
 from fastapi.responses import JSONResponse, RedirectResponse
 from joserfc import jwt
@@ -1003,7 +1004,7 @@ def create_user(
     HASH_ITERATIONS = request.app.frigate_config.auth.hash_iterations
     config_roles = list(request.app.frigate_config.auth.roles.keys())
 
-    if not re.match("^[A-Za-z0-9._]+$", body.username):
+    if not re.match(r"^(?!\.+$)[A-Za-z0-9._]+$", body.username):
         return JSONResponse(content={"message": "Invalid username"}, status_code=400)
 
     if body.role not in config_roles:
@@ -1229,11 +1230,44 @@ def _get_stream_owner_cameras(request: Request, stream_name: str) -> set[str]:
     return owner_cameras
 
 
+def _is_existing_go2rtc_stream(request: Request, stream_name: str) -> bool:
+    """Check that `stream_name` names a stream go2rtc already knows about.
+
+    go2rtc turns any `src` that is not an existing stream name into a new ad hoc
+    stream and starts the producer it describes, so the proxied live-stream
+    paths must only ever reference existing streams.
+    """
+    frigate_config = request.app.frigate_config
+
+    if _get_stream_owner_cameras(request, stream_name):
+        return True
+
+    config_streams = getattr(frigate_config.go2rtc, "streams", None) or {}
+    if stream_name in config_streams:
+        return True
+
+    # streams added at runtime through PUT /go2rtc/streams only exist in go2rtc
+    try:
+        r = requests.get("http://127.0.0.1:1984/api/streams", timeout=2)
+    except requests.RequestException:
+        logger.warning("Unable to fetch streams from go2rtc to authorize request")
+        return False
+
+    if not r.ok:
+        return False
+
+    try:
+        return stream_name in r.json()
+    except ValueError:
+        return False
+
+
 # nginx proxies these paths straight to go2rtc with authentication-only checks
 # (see auth_request.conf). Each names the desired stream via the `src` query
 # param, so the camera-level check must happen here in the `/auth` subrequest —
 # `require_go2rtc_stream_access` only guards the REST `/go2rtc/streams/{name}`
-# endpoint, not these proxied live-stream paths.
+# endpoint, not these proxied live-stream paths. The nginx locations are prefix
+# matches, so anything under these paths is proxied too.
 GO2RTC_STREAM_PROXY_PATHS = frozenset(
     {
         "/live/mse/api/ws",
@@ -1242,32 +1276,80 @@ GO2RTC_STREAM_PROXY_PATHS = frozenset(
     }
 )
 
+_URI_SCHEME_AND_AUTHORITY = re.compile(r"^[A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9+.-]*://[^/?]*")
+
+
+def _split_request_uri(request_uri: str) -> tuple[str, str]:
+    """Split a raw request URI into its path and query string.
+
+    urlparse is not used since it reads a path starting with `//` as a host.
+    """
+    uri = _URI_SCHEME_AND_AUTHORITY.sub("", request_uri, count=1)
+    path, _, query = uri.partition("?")
+    return path, query
+
+
+def _normalize_request_path(path: str) -> str:
+    """Normalize a raw request path the way nginx does before matching locations.
+
+    nginx percent-decodes the path, merges repeated slashes and resolves dot
+    segments, while `X-Original-URL` carries the raw `$request_uri`.
+    """
+    segments: list[str] = []
+    for segment in unquote(path).split("/"):
+        if segment in ("", "."):
+            continue
+        if segment == "..":
+            if segments:
+                segments.pop()
+            continue
+        segments.append(segment)
+
+    return "/" + "/".join(segments)
+
+
+def _is_go2rtc_stream_proxy_request(path: str, request: Request) -> bool:
+    # nginx marks requests routed through the go2rtc stream locations, and the
+    # normalized path catches them if that marker is ever missing
+    if request.headers.get("x-go2rtc-stream-proxy") == "1":
+        return True
+
+    normalized = _normalize_request_path(path)
+    return any(normalized.startswith(p) for p in GO2RTC_STREAM_PROXY_PATHS)
+
 
 def deny_response_for_go2rtc_stream(
     original_url: str | None, role: str | None, request: Request
 ) -> int | None:
-    """Block role-restricted users from go2rtc live streams they cannot access.
+    """Block go2rtc live-stream requests the current role may not make.
 
-    Returns 403 when any `src` stream named in `original_url` resolves to a
-    camera outside the role's allow-list (or when no `src` is provided on a
-    stream-proxy path), otherwise None. Mirrors the resolution logic in
+    Returns 403 when any `src` named in `original_url` is not an existing go2rtc
+    stream (for every role), or when it resolves to a camera outside a
+    restricted role's allow-list (or no `src` is provided for such a role),
+    otherwise None. Mirrors the resolution logic in
     `require_go2rtc_stream_access` so substream names map to their owning
     camera correctly.
     """
     if not original_url:
         return None
 
-    parsed = urlparse(original_url)
-    if parsed.path not in GO2RTC_STREAM_PROXY_PATHS:
+    path, query = _split_request_uri(original_url)
+    if not _is_go2rtc_stream_proxy_request(path, request):
         return None
 
     frigate_config = request.app.frigate_config
+    sources = parse_qs(query, keep_blank_values=True).get("src", [])
+
+    # an unknown src would make go2rtc create an ad hoc stream from it, which
+    # bypasses the restricted-source checks on PUT /go2rtc/streams
+    for src in sources:
+        if not _is_existing_go2rtc_stream(request, src):
+            return 403
 
     # admin and full-access roles (no allow-list) bypass the camera check
     if not role or not is_role_restricted(role, frigate_config):
         return None
 
-    sources = parse_qs(parsed.query).get("src", [])
     if not sources:
         # a stream-proxy request naming no stream has nothing legitimate to
         # show a restricted user

frigate/api/camera.py

@@ -34,7 +34,11 @@ from frigate.config.camera.updater import (
     CameraConfigUpdateTopic,
 )
 from frigate.models import User
-from frigate.util.builtin import clean_camera_user_pass, get_record_segment_time
+from frigate.util.builtin import (
+    clean_camera_user_pass,
+    clear_orphaned_comments,
+    get_record_segment_time,
+)
 from frigate.util.camera_cleanup import cleanup_camera_db, cleanup_camera_files
 from frigate.util.config import find_config_file
 from frigate.util.env import UnknownVariableError, substitute_frigate_vars
@@ -47,7 +51,7 @@ from frigate.util.live_streams import (
 from frigate.util.services import (
     analyze_record_keyframes,
     ffprobe_stream,
-    is_restricted_go2rtc_source,
+    is_restricted_go2rtc_api_source,
 )
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@@ -153,9 +157,9 @@ def go2rtc_camera_stream(request: Request, stream_name: str):
 )
 def go2rtc_add_stream(request: Request, stream_name: str, src: str = ""):
     """Add or update a go2rtc stream configuration."""
-    if src and is_restricted_go2rtc_source(src):
+    if src and is_restricted_go2rtc_api_source(src):
         logger.warning(
-            "Rejected go2rtc stream '%s' with restricted source type (echo/expr/exec)",
+            "Rejected go2rtc stream '%s' with restricted source",
             stream_name,
         )
         return JSONResponse(
@@ -174,9 +178,9 @@ def go2rtc_add_stream(request: Request, stream_name: str, src: str = ""):
             except UnknownVariableError:
                 resolved_src = src
 
-            if is_restricted_go2rtc_source(resolved_src):
+            if is_restricted_go2rtc_api_source(resolved_src):
                 logger.warning(
-                    "Rejected go2rtc stream '%s' with restricted source type (echo/expr/exec)",
+                    "Rejected go2rtc stream '%s' with restricted source",
                     stream_name,
                 )
                 return JSONResponse(
@@ -1273,6 +1277,7 @@ async def delete_camera(
                 # Remove camera from config
                 if "cameras" in data and camera_name in data["cameras"]:
                     del data["cameras"][camera_name]
+                    clear_orphaned_comments(data["cameras"], data, "cameras")
 
                 # Remove camera from auth roles
                 auth = data.get("auth", {})

frigate/api/export.py

@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ from frigate.api.defs.response.export_response import (
 )
 from frigate.api.defs.response.generic_response import GenericResponse
 from frigate.api.defs.tags import Tags
+from frigate.api.media_auth import deny_response_for_media_uri
 from frigate.const import CLIPS_DIR, EXPORT_DIR
 from frigate.jobs.export import (
     ExportJob,
@@ -134,6 +135,7 @@ def _validate_export_case(export_case_id: str | None) -> JSONResponse | None:
 
 
 def _sanitize_existing_image(
+    request: Request,
     image_path: str | None,
 ) -> tuple[str | None, JSONResponse | None]:
     if not image_path:
@@ -141,6 +143,15 @@ def _sanitize_existing_image(
 
     existing_image = sanitize_contained_path(image_path, CLIPS_DIR)
 
+    # CLIPS_DIR is shared by every camera, so the caller must also be allowed
+    # to read the image.
+    if existing_image is not None and deny_response_for_media_uri(
+        f"/clips/{quote(os.path.relpath(existing_image, CLIPS_DIR))}",
+        request.headers.get("remote-role"),
+        request.app.frigate_config,
+    ):
+        existing_image = None
+
     if existing_image is None:
         return None, JSONResponse(
             content={"success": False, "message": "Invalid image path"},
@@ -701,7 +712,7 @@ def export_recordings_batch(
     sanitized_images: list[str | None] = []
     for item in body.items:
         existing_image, image_validation_error = _sanitize_existing_image(
-            item.image_path
+            request, item.image_path
         )
         if image_validation_error is not None:
             return image_validation_error
@@ -849,7 +860,9 @@ def export_recording(
 
     playback_source = body.source
     friendly_name = body.name
-    existing_image, image_validation_error = _sanitize_existing_image(body.image_path)
+    existing_image, image_validation_error = _sanitize_existing_image(
+        request, body.image_path
+    )
     if image_validation_error is not None:
         return image_validation_error
 
@@ -1044,7 +1057,9 @@ def export_recording_custom(
 
     playback_source = body.source
     friendly_name = body.name
-    existing_image, image_validation_error = _sanitize_existing_image(body.image_path)
+    existing_image, image_validation_error = _sanitize_existing_image(
+        request, body.image_path
+    )
     if image_validation_error is not None:
         return image_validation_error
     ffmpeg_input_args = body.ffmpeg_input_args

frigate/api/media.py

@@ -384,8 +384,13 @@ async def get_snapshot_from_recording(
         mime_type = "png" if format == "png" else "jpeg"
         config: FrigateConfig = request.app.frigate_config
 
-        image_data = get_image_from_recording(
-            config.ffmpeg, recording.path, time_in_segment, codec, height
+        image_data = await asyncio.to_thread(
+            get_image_from_recording,
+            config.ffmpeg,
+            recording.path,
+            time_in_segment,
+            codec,
+            height,
         )
 
         if not image_data:
@@ -439,8 +444,12 @@ async def submit_recording_snapshot_to_plus(
         config: FrigateConfig = request.app.frigate_config
         recording: Recordings = recording_query.get()
         time_in_segment = frame_time - recording.start_time
-        image_data = get_image_from_recording(
-            config.ffmpeg, recording.path, time_in_segment, "png"
+        image_data = await asyncio.to_thread(
+            get_image_from_recording,
+            config.ffmpeg,
+            recording.path,
+            time_in_segment,
+            "png",
         )
 
         if not image_data:

frigate/comms/config_updater.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 """Facilitates communication between processes."""
 
 import multiprocessing as mp
+import threading
 from _pickle import UnpicklingError
 from multiprocessing.synchronize import Event as MpEvent
 from typing import Any
@@ -18,11 +19,13 @@ class ConfigPublisher:
         self.socket = self.context.socket(zmq.PUB)
         self.socket.bind(SOCKET_PUB_SUB)
         self.stop_event: MpEvent = mp.Event()
+        self.lock = threading.Lock()
 
     def publish(self, topic: str, payload: Any) -> None:
         """There is no communication back to the processes."""
-        self.socket.send_string(topic, flags=zmq.SNDMORE)
-        self.socket.send_pyobj(payload)
+        with self.lock:
+            self.socket.send_string(topic, flags=zmq.SNDMORE)
+            self.socket.send_pyobj(payload)
 
     def stop(self) -> None:
         self.stop_event.set()

frigate/comms/embeddings_updater.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 """Facilitates communication between processes."""
 
 import logging
+import threading
 from collections.abc import Callable
 from enum import Enum
 from typing import Any
@@ -79,14 +80,21 @@ class EmbeddingsRequestor:
         self.context = zmq.Context()
         self.socket = self.context.socket(zmq.REQ)
         self.socket.connect(SOCKET_REP_REQ)
+        self.lock = threading.Lock()
 
     def send_data(self, topic: str, data: Any) -> Any:
         """Sends data and then waits for reply."""
+        # an overlapping call fails fast so a slow reply can't stall the API
+        if not self.lock.acquire(blocking=False):
+            return ""
+
         try:
             self.socket.send_json((topic, data))
             return self.socket.recv_json()
         except zmq.ZMQError:
             return ""
+        finally:
+            self.lock.release()
 
     def stop(self) -> None:
         self.socket.close()

frigate/comms/inter_process.py

@@ -79,14 +79,16 @@ class InterProcessRequestor:
         self.context = zmq.Context()
         self.socket = self.context.socket(zmq.REQ)
         self.socket.connect(SOCKET_REP_REQ)
+        self.lock = threading.Lock()
 
     def send_data(self, topic: str, data: Any) -> Any:
         """Sends data and then waits for reply."""
-        try:
-            self.socket.send_json((topic, data))
-            return self.socket.recv_json()
-        except zmq.ZMQError:
-            return ""
+        with self.lock:
+            try:
+                self.socket.send_json((topic, data))
+                return self.socket.recv_json()
+            except zmq.ZMQError:
+                return ""
 
     def stop(self) -> None:
         self.socket.close(linger=0)

frigate/comms/webpush.py

@@ -41,6 +41,20 @@ class PushNotification:
     ttl: int = 0
 
 
+def _build_web_pushers(user: str, subs: list[dict[str, Any]]) -> list[WebPusher]:
+    """Build pushers for a user's stored subscriptions, skipping unusable ones."""
+    pushers: list[WebPusher] = []
+
+    for sub in subs:
+        # WebPusher decodes the stored keys and raises on malformed ones
+        try:
+            pushers.append(WebPusher(sub))
+        except Exception:
+            logger.warning("Skipping invalid notification subscription for %s", user)
+
+    return pushers
+
+
 class WebPushClient(Communicator):
     """Frigate wrapper for webpush client."""
 
@@ -56,6 +70,7 @@ class WebPushClient(Communicator):
             for c in self.config.cameras.values()
         }
         self.suspension_broadcaster: Callable[[str, Any, bool], None] | None = None
+        self.config_lock = threading.Lock()
         self.last_camera_notification_time: dict[str, float] = {
             c.name: 0  # type: ignore[misc]
             for c in self.config.cameras.values()
@@ -76,9 +91,9 @@ class WebPushClient(Communicator):
             User.select(User.username, User.notification_tokens).dicts().iterator()
         )
         for user in users:
-            self.web_pushers[user["username"]] = []
-            for sub in user["notification_tokens"]:
-                self.web_pushers[user["username"]].append(WebPusher(sub))
+            self.web_pushers[user["username"]] = _build_web_pushers(
+                user["username"], user["notification_tokens"]
+            )
 
         # notification and auth config updater
         self.global_config_subscriber = ConfigSubscriber("config/")
@@ -146,10 +161,7 @@ class WebPushClient(Communicator):
                     User.username == user
                 ).execute()
 
-                self.web_pushers[user] = []
-
-                for sub in user_subs:
-                    self.web_pushers[user].append(WebPusher(sub))
+                self.web_pushers[user] = _build_web_pushers(user, user_subs)
 
                 logger.info(
                     f"Cleaned up {len(expired)} notification subscriptions for {user}"
@@ -198,29 +210,30 @@ class WebPushClient(Communicator):
 
     def publish(self, topic: str, payload: Any, retain: bool = False) -> None:
         """Wrapper for publishing when client is in valid state."""
-        # check for updated global config (notifications, auth)
-        while True:
-            config_topic, config_payload = (
-                self.global_config_subscriber.check_for_update()
-            )
-            if config_topic is None:
-                break
-            if config_topic == "config/notifications" and config_payload:
-                self.config.notifications = config_payload
-            elif config_topic == "config/auth":
-                if isinstance(config_payload, AuthConfig):
-                    self.config.auth = config_payload
+        with self.config_lock:
+            # check for updated global config (notifications, auth)
+            while True:
+                config_topic, config_payload = (
+                    self.global_config_subscriber.check_for_update()
+                )
+                if config_topic is None:
+                    break
+                if config_topic == "config/notifications" and config_payload:
+                    self.config.notifications = config_payload
+                elif config_topic == "config/auth":
+                    if isinstance(config_payload, AuthConfig):
+                        self.config.auth = config_payload
+                    self._refresh_user_cameras()
+
+            updates = self.config_subscriber.check_for_updates()
+
+            if "add" in updates:
+                for camera in updates["add"]:
+                    self.suspended_cameras[camera] = 0
+                    self.last_camera_notification_time[camera] = 0
+
                 self._refresh_user_cameras()
 
-        updates = self.config_subscriber.check_for_updates()
-
-        if "add" in updates:
-            for camera in updates["add"]:
-                self.suspended_cameras[camera] = 0
-                self.last_camera_notification_time[camera] = 0
-
-            self._refresh_user_cameras()
-
         if topic == "reviews":
             decoded = json.loads(payload)
             camera = decoded["before"]["camera"]

frigate/data_processing/post/object_descriptions.py

@@ -105,6 +105,10 @@ class ObjectDescriptionProcessor(PostProcessorApi):
                         logger.debug(f"{camera} sending early request to GenAI")
 
                         self.early_request_sent[data["id"]] = True
+
+                        if camera_config.objects.genai.debug_save_thumbnails:
+                            self._save_debug_thumbnails(data["id"])
+
                         # Copy thumbnails to avoid holding references after cleanup
                         thumbnails_copy = [
                             data["thumbnail"][:] if data.get("thumbnail") else None
@@ -302,26 +306,7 @@ class ObjectDescriptionProcessor(PostProcessorApi):
         )
 
         if camera_config.objects.genai.debug_save_thumbnails and num_thumbnails > 0:
-            logger.debug(f"Saving {num_thumbnails} thumbnails for event {event_id}")
-
-            Path(os.path.join(CLIPS_DIR, f"genai-requests/{event_id}")).mkdir(
-                parents=True, exist_ok=True
-            )
-
-            for idx, data in enumerate(self.tracked_events[event_id], 1):
-                jpg_bytes: bytes | None = data["thumbnail"]
-
-                if jpg_bytes is None:
-                    logger.warning(f"Unable to save thumbnail {idx} for {event_id}.")
-                else:
-                    with open(
-                        os.path.join(
-                            CLIPS_DIR,
-                            f"genai-requests/{event_id}/{idx}.jpg",
-                        ),
-                        "wb",
-                    ) as j:
-                        j.write(jpg_bytes)
+            self._save_debug_thumbnails(event_id)
 
         # Generate the description. Call happens in a thread since it is network bound.
         threading.Thread(
@@ -337,6 +322,30 @@ class ObjectDescriptionProcessor(PostProcessorApi):
         # Clean up tracked events and early request state
         self.cleanup_event(event_id)
 
+    def _save_debug_thumbnails(self, event_id: str) -> None:
+        """Write the tracked thumbnails for an event to the genai-requests dir."""
+        tracked = self.tracked_events.get(event_id, [])
+        logger.debug(f"Saving {len(tracked)} thumbnails for event {event_id}")
+
+        Path(os.path.join(CLIPS_DIR, f"genai-requests/{event_id}")).mkdir(
+            parents=True, exist_ok=True
+        )
+
+        for idx, data in enumerate(tracked, 1):
+            jpg_bytes: bytes | None = data["thumbnail"]
+
+            if jpg_bytes is None:
+                logger.warning(f"Unable to save thumbnail {idx} for {event_id}.")
+            else:
+                with open(
+                    os.path.join(
+                        CLIPS_DIR,
+                        f"genai-requests/{event_id}/{idx}.jpg",
+                    ),
+                    "wb",
+                ) as j:
+                    j.write(jpg_bytes)
+
     def _genai_embed_description(self, event: Event, thumbnails: list[bytes]) -> None:
         """Embed the description for an event."""
         start = datetime.datetime.now().timestamp()

frigate/data_processing/real_time/custom_classification.py

@@ -193,12 +193,7 @@ class CustomStateClassificationProcessor(DeferredRealtimeProcessorApi):
         return None
 
     def process_frame(self, frame_data: dict[str, Any], frame: np.ndarray) -> None:
-        if (
-            not self.model_config.name
-            or not self.model_config.state_config
-            or not self.tensor_input_details
-            or not self.tensor_output_details
-        ):
+        if not self.model_config.name or not self.model_config.state_config:
             return
 
         if self.metrics and self.model_config.name in self.metrics.classification_cps:
@@ -541,12 +536,7 @@ class CustomObjectClassificationProcessor(DeferredRealtimeProcessorApi):
         return best_label, avg_score
 
     def process_frame(self, obj_data: dict[str, Any], frame: np.ndarray) -> None:
-        if (
-            not self.model_config.name
-            or not self.model_config.object_config
-            or not self.tensor_input_details
-            or not self.tensor_output_details
-        ):
+        if not self.model_config.name or not self.model_config.object_config:
             return
 
         if self.metrics and self.model_config.name in self.metrics.classification_cps:

frigate/test/http_api/test_http_camera_access.py

@@ -417,6 +417,77 @@ class TestGo2rtcStreamAccess(BaseTestHttp):
         assert resp.status_code == 400
         assert resp.json().get("success") is False
 
+    def test_add_stream_rejects_ffmpeg_argument_injection(self):
+        """PUT /go2rtc/streams must reject ffmpeg: sources whose parameters can
+        inject arbitrary ffmpeg arguments, since go2rtc expands them to exec:"""
+        app = self._make_app(_MULTI_CAMERA_CONFIG)
+        with patch("frigate.api.camera.requests.put") as mock_put:
+            with AuthTestClient(app) as client:
+                for src in (
+                    # shape of the source in GHSA-qjjw-3v66-279f
+                    "ffmpeg:#input='-f''h264''-i''data:placeholder''-c''copy'",
+                    "ffmpeg:#input=-re",
+                    "ffmpeg:front_door#raw=-vn",
+                    "ffmpeg:front_door#video=-vn",
+                    "ffmpeg:front_door#video=out.mp4",
+                    "ffmpeg:front_door#drawtext=x",
+                    "ffmpeg:front_door#width=1x",
+                    "ffmpeg:front_door#audio=/16000",
+                    "ffmpeg:front_door#audio=opus/",
+                    "ffmpeg:front_door#audio=opus/16000/1",
+                    "ffmpeg:'front_door'",
+                    "  ffmpeg:#input=-re",
+                ):
+                    resp = client.put("/go2rtc/streams/injected", params={"src": src})
+                    assert resp.status_code == 400, (
+                        f"Expected 400 for ffmpeg src {src!r}; got {resp.status_code}"
+                    )
+                    assert resp.json().get("success") is False
+            mock_put.assert_not_called()
+
+    def test_add_stream_allows_standard_ffmpeg_sources(self):
+        """ffmpeg: sources built by the UI and shown in the docs must still be
+        forwarded to go2rtc"""
+        app = self._make_app(_MULTI_CAMERA_CONFIG)
+        mock_response = type("R", (), {"ok": True, "status_code": 200, "text": "ok"})()
+        with patch(
+            "frigate.api.camera.requests.put", return_value=mock_response
+        ) as mock_put:
+            with AuthTestClient(app) as client:
+                for src in (
+                    "ffmpeg:rtsp://10.0.0.1:554/video",
+                    "ffmpeg:rtsp://10.0.0.1:554/video#video=copy#audio=copy",
+                    "ffmpeg:rtsp://10.0.0.1:554/video#video=h264#hardware",
+                    "ffmpeg:front_door#audio=opus",
+                    "ffmpeg:front_door#video=h264#hardware=vaapi",
+                    "ffmpeg:front_door#video=h264#width=1280#rotate=-90",
+                    # documented HomeKit source
+                    "ffmpeg:front_door#video=h264#width=1280#height=720#audio=opus/16000",
+                    "ffmpeg:http://10.0.0.1/flv?port=1935&app=bcs#video=copy",
+                ):
+                    resp = client.put("/go2rtc/streams/legit", params={"src": src})
+                    assert resp.status_code == 200, (
+                        f"Expected 200 for ffmpeg src {src!r}; got {resp.status_code}"
+                    )
+                    forwarded_src = mock_put.call_args.kwargs["params"]["src"]
+                    assert forwarded_src == src
+
+    def test_add_stream_allows_ffmpeg_injection_when_override_set(self):
+        """GO2RTC_ALLOW_ARBITRARY_EXEC also lifts the ffmpeg: parameter check"""
+        app = self._make_app(_MULTI_CAMERA_CONFIG)
+        mock_response = type("R", (), {"ok": True, "status_code": 200, "text": "ok"})()
+        with patch("frigate.util.services._GO2RTC_ARBITRARY_EXEC_ENV", "true"):
+            with patch(
+                "frigate.api.camera.requests.put", return_value=mock_response
+            ) as mock_put:
+                with AuthTestClient(app) as client:
+                    resp = client.put(
+                        "/go2rtc/streams/legit",
+                        params={"src": "ffmpeg:front_door#raw=-vn"},
+                    )
+                assert resp.status_code == 200
+                mock_put.assert_called_once()
+
     def test_stream_alias_blocked_when_owning_camera_disallowed(self):
         """limited_user cannot access a stream alias that belongs to a camera they
         are not allowed to see."""

frigate/test/http_api/test_http_config_go2rtc_streams.py

@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+"""Tests for go2rtc stream source restrictions on config/save and config/set."""
+
+import contextlib
+import copy
+import os
+import tempfile
+from unittest.mock import patch
+
+import ruamel.yaml
+
+from frigate.models import Event, Recordings, ReviewSegment
+from frigate.test.http_api.base_http_test import AuthTestClient, BaseTestHttp
+from frigate.util.env import _CONTAINER_ENV, FRIGATE_ENV_VARS, reload_sources
+
+# shape of the source in GHSA-qjjw-3v66-279f, with the payload replaced
+_INJECTED_SRC = "ffmpeg:#input='-f''h264''-i''data:placeholder''-c''copy'"
+
+# an unrestricted ffmpeg: source the operator already has in the file on disk
+_EXISTING_SRC = "ffmpeg:rtsp://10.0.0.1:554/video#raw=-vn"
+
+_CONFIG = {
+    "mqtt": {"host": "mqtt"},
+    "go2rtc": {"streams": {"front_door": [_EXISTING_SRC]}},
+    "cameras": {
+        "front_door": {
+            "ffmpeg": {
+                "inputs": [{"path": "rtsp://10.0.0.1:554/video", "roles": ["detect"]}]
+            },
+            "detect": {"height": 1080, "width": 1920, "fps": 5},
+        },
+    },
+}
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def _frigate_vars(values: dict[str, str]):
+    # config parsing rebuilds FRIGATE_ENV_VARS from its sources
+    with patch.dict(_CONTAINER_ENV, values), patch.dict(FRIGATE_ENV_VARS, values):
+        yield
+    reload_sources(warn=False)
+
+
+def _dump(config: dict) -> str:
+    yaml = ruamel.yaml.YAML()
+    stream = tempfile.SpooledTemporaryFile(mode="w+")
+    yaml.dump(config, stream)
+    stream.seek(0)
+    return stream.read()
+
+
+class TestConfigGo2rtcStreamRestrictions(BaseTestHttp):
+    def setUp(self):
+        super().setUp([Event, Recordings, ReviewSegment])
+        self.minimal_config = _CONFIG
+        self.app = super().create_app()
+
+        fd, self.config_path = tempfile.mkstemp(suffix=".yml")
+        with os.fdopen(fd, "w") as f:
+            f.write(_dump(_CONFIG))
+        self.addCleanup(os.unlink, self.config_path)
+
+        find_patch = patch(
+            "frigate.api.app.find_config_file", return_value=self.config_path
+        )
+        find_patch.start()
+        self.addCleanup(find_patch.stop)
+
+        # the override is read once at import; make sure it is off here
+        exec_patch = patch("frigate.util.services._GO2RTC_ARBITRARY_EXEC_ENV", None)
+        exec_patch.start()
+        self.addCleanup(exec_patch.stop)
+
+    def _read_config(self) -> str:
+        with open(self.config_path) as f:
+            return f.read()
+
+    def _set_streams(self, streams: dict):
+        with AuthTestClient(self.app) as client:
+            return client.put(
+                "/config/set",
+                json={
+                    "config_data": {"go2rtc": {"streams": streams}},
+                    "requires_restart": 1,
+                },
+            )
+
+    def _save_streams(self, streams: dict, prefix: str = ""):
+        config = copy.deepcopy(_CONFIG)
+        config["go2rtc"]["streams"].update(streams)
+        with AuthTestClient(self.app) as client:
+            return client.post(
+                "/config/save?save_option=saveonly",
+                content=prefix + _dump(config),
+                headers={"Content-Type": "text/plain"},
+            )
+
+    # --- config/set ---
+
+    def test_set_rejects_injected_ffmpeg_source(self):
+        before = self._read_config()
+        resp = self._set_streams({"new_stream": [_INJECTED_SRC]})
+        assert resp.status_code == 400
+        assert resp.json()["success"] is False
+        assert self._read_config() == before
+
+    def test_set_rejects_injected_string_source(self):
+        before = self._read_config()
+        resp = self._set_streams({"new_stream": "ffmpeg:front_door#raw=-vn"})
+        assert resp.status_code == 400
+        assert self._read_config() == before
+
+    def test_set_rejects_injected_source_added_to_existing_stream(self):
+        before = self._read_config()
+        resp = self._set_streams({"front_door": [_EXISTING_SRC, _INJECTED_SRC]})
+        assert resp.status_code == 400
+        assert self._read_config() == before
+
+    def test_set_allows_standard_sources(self):
+        resp = self._set_streams(
+            {
+                "new_stream": [
+                    "rtsp://10.0.0.2:554/video",
+                    "ffmpeg:new_stream#audio=opus",
+                ]
+            }
+        )
+        assert resp.status_code == 200, resp.text
+        assert "ffmpeg:new_stream#audio=opus" in self._read_config()
+
+    def test_set_keeps_existing_source_on_disk(self):
+        resp = self._set_streams(
+            {"front_door": [_EXISTING_SRC, "ffmpeg:front_door#audio=opus"]}
+        )
+        assert resp.status_code == 200, resp.text
+        assert _EXISTING_SRC in self._read_config()
+
+    def test_set_allows_injected_source_when_override_set(self):
+        with patch("frigate.util.services._GO2RTC_ARBITRARY_EXEC_ENV", "true"):
+            resp = self._set_streams({"new_stream": [_INJECTED_SRC]})
+        assert resp.status_code == 200, resp.text
+
+    # --- config/save ---
+
+    def test_save_rejects_injected_ffmpeg_source(self):
+        before = self._read_config()
+        resp = self._save_streams({"new_stream": [_INJECTED_SRC]})
+        assert resp.status_code == 400
+        assert self._read_config() == before
+
+    def test_save_rejects_exec_source(self):
+        before = self._read_config()
+        resp = self._save_streams({"new_stream": "exec:/tmp/something"})
+        assert resp.status_code == 400
+        assert self._read_config() == before
+
+    def test_save_rejects_map_source(self):
+        before = self._read_config()
+        resp = self._save_streams({"new_stream": {"url": "rtsp://10.0.0.2/video"}})
+        assert resp.status_code == 400
+        assert self._read_config() == before
+
+    def test_save_resubmitting_existing_config_allowed(self):
+        # the UI config editor always sends back the whole file
+        resp = self._save_streams({"new_stream": "rtsp://10.0.0.2:554/video"})
+        assert resp.status_code == 200, resp.text
+        config = self._read_config()
+        assert _EXISTING_SRC in config
+        assert "rtsp://10.0.0.2:554/video" in config
+
+    def test_save_tagged_config_with_standard_source_allowed(self):
+        # a tag on the root map still passes validation and startup parsing
+        resp = self._save_streams(
+            {"new_stream": "rtsp://10.0.0.2:554/video"}, prefix="!config\n"
+        )
+        assert resp.status_code == 200, resp.text
+
+    def test_save_tagged_config_with_injected_source_rejected(self):
+        before = self._read_config()
+        resp = self._save_streams({"new_stream": [_INJECTED_SRC]}, prefix="!config\n")
+        assert resp.status_code == 400
+        assert "Restricted go2rtc stream source" in resp.json()["message"]
+        assert self._read_config() == before
+
+    # --- {FRIGATE_*} placeholders resolve the same way as at go2rtc startup ---
+
+    def test_set_rejects_unresolvable_placeholder(self):
+        before = self._read_config()
+        with _frigate_vars({"FRIGATE_RTSP_USER": "user"}):
+            for src, message in (
+                (
+                    "{FRIGATE_RTSP_USER!r}fmpeg:front_door#raw=-vn",
+                    "Invalid variable placeholder in go2rtc stream: new_stream",
+                ),
+                (
+                    "{FRIGATE_RTSP_USER:>5}",
+                    "Invalid variable placeholder in go2rtc stream: new_stream",
+                ),
+                (
+                    "rtsp://{FRIGATE_UNDEFINED}@10.0.0.2:554/video",
+                    "Unknown variable in go2rtc stream: new_stream",
+                ),
+            ):
+                resp = self._set_streams({"new_stream": [src]})
+                assert resp.status_code == 400, src
+                assert resp.json()["message"] == message, src
+                assert self._read_config() == before
+
+    def test_set_reports_each_issue(self):
+        resp = self._set_streams(
+            {
+                "typo_stream": ["rtsp://{FRIGATE_UNDEFINED}@10.0.0.2:554/video"],
+                "injected_stream": [_INJECTED_SRC],
+            }
+        )
+        assert resp.status_code == 400
+        assert resp.json()["message"] == (
+            "Restricted go2rtc stream source in: injected_stream; "
+            "Unknown variable in go2rtc stream: typo_stream"
+        )
+
+    def test_set_allows_resolvable_placeholder(self):
+        src = "rtsp://{FRIGATE_RTSP_USER}@10.0.0.2:554/video"
+        with _frigate_vars({"FRIGATE_RTSP_USER": "user"}):
+            resp = self._set_streams({"new_stream": [src]})
+        assert resp.status_code == 200, resp.text
+        assert src in self._read_config()

frigate/test/http_api/test_http_export.py

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import tempfile
 import zipfile
 from unittest.mock import patch
 
+from frigate.const import CLIPS_DIR
 from frigate.jobs.export import (
     ExportJob,
     get_export_job_manager,
@@ -1051,6 +1052,65 @@ class TestHttpExport(BaseTestHttp):
         assert response.status_code == 400
         assert ExportCase.select().count() == 0
 
+    def _batch_export_with_image(self, image_path: str, role: str):
+        with patch(
+            "frigate.api.export.start_export_job",
+            side_effect=lambda _config, job: job.id,
+        ) as start_export_job:
+            with AuthTestClient(self.app) as client:
+                response = client.post(
+                    "/exports/batch",
+                    headers={"remote-user": role, "remote-role": role},
+                    json={
+                        "items": [
+                            {
+                                "camera": "front_door",
+                                "start_time": 110,
+                                "end_time": 150,
+                                "image_path": image_path,
+                            }
+                        ],
+                    },
+                )
+
+        return response, start_export_job
+
+    def test_batch_export_restricted_role_rejects_unreadable_image_path(self):
+        self._insert_recording("rec-front", "front_door", 100, 400)
+        self.app.frigate_config.auth.roles["limited_user"] = ["front_door"]
+
+        for image_path in (
+            f"{CLIPS_DIR}/review/thumb-backyard-123.456-abc.webp",
+            f"{CLIPS_DIR}/thumbs/backyard/123.webp",
+            f"{CLIPS_DIR}/faces/someone/1.webp",
+            f"{CLIPS_DIR}/custom/thumb.jpg",
+        ):
+            response, _ = self._batch_export_with_image(image_path, "limited_user")
+
+            assert response.status_code == 400, image_path
+
+    def test_batch_export_restricted_role_accepts_own_camera_image_path(self):
+        self._insert_recording("rec-front", "front_door", 100, 400)
+        self.app.frigate_config.auth.roles["limited_user"] = ["front_door"]
+        image_path = f"{CLIPS_DIR}/review/thumb-front_door-123.456-abc.webp"
+
+        response, start_export_job = self._batch_export_with_image(
+            image_path, "limited_user"
+        )
+
+        assert response.status_code == 202
+        assert start_export_job.call_args.args[1].image_path == image_path
+
+    def test_batch_export_unrestricted_roles_accept_custom_image_path(self):
+        self._insert_recording("rec-front", "front_door", 100, 400)
+        image_path = f"{CLIPS_DIR}/custom/thumb.jpg"
+
+        for role in ("admin", "viewer"):
+            response, start_export_job = self._batch_export_with_image(image_path, role)
+
+            assert response.status_code == 202, role
+            assert start_export_job.call_args.args[1].image_path == image_path
+
     def test_batch_export_non_admin_can_queue(self):
         self._insert_recording("rec-front", "front_door", 100, 400)
 

frigate/test/http_api/test_http_go2rtc_proxy_auth.py

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+"""Tests for the /auth subrequest on nginx-proxied go2rtc live-stream paths."""
+
+import time
+from unittest.mock import patch
+
+import requests
+from fastapi.testclient import TestClient
+from joserfc.jwk import OctKey
+
+from frigate.api.auth import create_encoded_jwt
+from frigate.models import Event, Recordings, ReviewSegment, User
+from frigate.test.http_api.base_http_test import BaseTestHttp
+
+_CONFIG = {
+    "mqtt": {"host": "mqtt"},
+    "cameras": {
+        "front_door": {
+            "ffmpeg": {
+                "inputs": [{"path": "rtsp://10.0.0.1:554/video", "roles": ["detect"]}]
+            },
+            "detect": {"height": 1080, "width": 1920, "fps": 5},
+        },
+    },
+}
+
+# shape of the source in GHSA-93xj-hg88-ffg7, with the payload replaced
+_AD_HOC_SRC = "ffmpeg:%23input%3D'-f''h264''-i''data:placeholder''-c''copy'"
+
+
+class TestGo2rtcProxyAuth(BaseTestHttp):
+    def setUp(self):
+        super().setUp([Event, ReviewSegment, Recordings, User])
+        self.minimal_config = _CONFIG
+        self.app = super().create_app()
+        self.app.jwt_token = OctKey.import_key(b"0" * 32)
+
+        get_patch = patch(
+            "frigate.api.auth.requests.get",
+            side_effect=requests.ConnectionError("go2rtc unavailable"),
+        )
+        get_patch.start()
+        self.addCleanup(get_patch.stop)
+
+    def _auth(self, role: str, original_url: str):
+        token = create_encoded_jwt(
+            role, role, int(time.time()) + 3600, self.app.jwt_token
+        )
+        with TestClient(self.app) as client:
+            return client.get(
+                "/auth",
+                headers={
+                    "authorization": f"Bearer {token}",
+                    "x-original-url": original_url,
+                },
+            )
+
+    def test_viewer_ad_hoc_mse_source_denied(self):
+        resp = self._auth("viewer", f"/live/mse/api/ws?src={_AD_HOC_SRC}")
+        assert resp.status_code == 403
+
+    def test_viewer_ad_hoc_webrtc_sources_denied(self):
+        for path in ("/live/webrtc/api/ws", "/api/go2rtc/webrtc"):
+            resp = self._auth("viewer", f"{path}?src={_AD_HOC_SRC}")
+            assert resp.status_code == 403, path
+
+    def test_admin_ad_hoc_mse_source_denied(self):
+        resp = self._auth("admin", f"/live/mse/api/ws?src={_AD_HOC_SRC}")
+        assert resp.status_code == 403
+
+    def test_viewer_camera_stream_allowed(self):
+        resp = self._auth("viewer", "/live/mse/api/ws?src=front_door")
+        assert resp.status_code == 202
+        assert resp.headers["remote-role"] == "viewer"

frigate/test/http_api/test_http_media.py

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 """Unit tests for recordings/media API endpoints."""
 
+import threading
+from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from datetime import UTC, datetime, timedelta
 from unittest.mock import patch
@@ -2019,3 +2021,79 @@ class TestHttpMedia(BaseTestHttp):
 
             assert response.status_code == 200
             assert response.json() == [{"start_time": 1010, "end_time": 1030}]
+
+    def test_recording_snapshot_does_not_block_event_loop(self):
+        self._insert_recording("snapshot", 1000, 1010)
+        started = threading.Event()
+        release = threading.Event()
+        finished = threading.Event()
+
+        def slow_image(*args):
+            started.set()
+            release.wait(timeout=5)
+            finished.set()
+            return b"jpeg"
+
+        with (
+            AuthTestClient(self.app) as client,
+            patch("frigate.api.media.get_image_from_recording", slow_image),
+            ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=1) as executor,
+        ):
+            snapshot = executor.submit(
+                client.get, "/front_door/recordings/1005/snapshot.jpg"
+            )
+            self.assertTrue(started.wait(timeout=2))
+            version = client.get("/version")
+            blocked = finished.is_set()
+            release.set()
+
+            self.assertEqual(version.status_code, 200)
+            self.assertFalse(blocked)
+            self.assertEqual(snapshot.result().status_code, 200)
+
+    def test_recording_snapshot_hit_returns_image(self):
+        self._insert_recording("snapshot", 1000, 1010)
+
+        with (
+            AuthTestClient(self.app) as client,
+            patch("frigate.api.media.get_image_from_recording", return_value=b"jpeg"),
+        ):
+            response = client.get("/front_door/recordings/1005/snapshot.jpg")
+
+        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
+        self.assertEqual(response.headers["Content-Type"], "image/jpeg")
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"jpeg")
+
+    def test_recording_snapshot_misses_return_404(self):
+        self._insert_recording("snapshot", 1000, 1010)
+
+        with AuthTestClient(self.app) as client:
+            absent = client.get("/front_door/recordings/2000/snapshot.jpg")
+            rounded_miss = client.get("/front_door/recordings/1010.5/snapshot.jpg")
+
+        self.assertEqual(absent.status_code, 404)
+        self.assertEqual(rounded_miss.status_code, 404)
+
+    def test_plus_snapshot_miss_returns_404_without_image_lookup(self):
+        with (
+            AuthTestClient(self.app) as client,
+            patch("frigate.api.media.get_image_from_recording") as image,
+        ):
+            response = client.post("/front_door/plus/1005")
+
+        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
+        image.assert_not_called()
+
+    def test_plus_snapshot_hit_uploads_image(self):
+        self._insert_recording("snapshot", 1000, 1010)
+
+        with (
+            AuthTestClient(self.app) as client,
+            patch("frigate.api.media.get_image_from_recording", return_value=b"png"),
+            patch("frigate.api.media.cv2.imdecode", return_value="frame"),
+            patch.object(self.app.frigate_config.plus_api, "upload_image") as upload,
+        ):
+            response = client.post("/front_door/plus/1005")
+
+        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
+        upload.assert_called_once_with("frame", "front_door")

frigate/test/http_api/test_http_users.py

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+"""Tests for user creation."""
+
+from unittest.mock import MagicMock
+
+from frigate.models import User
+from frigate.test.http_api.base_http_test import AuthTestClient, BaseTestHttp
+
+PASSWORD = "a-valid-password-123"
+
+
+class TestCreateUser(BaseTestHttp):
+    def setUp(self):
+        super().setUp([User])
+        self.app = super().create_app()
+        self.app.config_publisher = MagicMock()
+
+    def _create(self, username: str):
+        with AuthTestClient(self.app) as client:
+            return client.post(
+                "/users",
+                json={"username": username, "password": PASSWORD, "role": "viewer"},
+            )
+
+    def test_rejects_dot_only_usernames(self):
+        # browsers resolve these as URL path segments, so the per-user
+        # endpoints can never be reached for them
+        for username in (".", "..", "..."):
+            assert self._create(username).status_code == 400
+            assert User.get_or_none(User.username == username) is None
+
+    def test_accepts_username_containing_dots(self):
+        assert self._create("john.doe_1").status_code == 200
+        assert User.get_or_none(User.username == "john.doe_1") is not None

frigate/test/test_comms_thread_safety.py

@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+"""Tests for sharing one zmq socket wrapper across threads."""
+
+import os
+import random
+import tempfile
+import threading
+import time
+import unittest
+from unittest.mock import patch
+
+import zmq
+
+from frigate.comms import config_updater, embeddings_updater, inter_process
+from frigate.comms.config_updater import ConfigPublisher, ConfigSubscriber
+from frigate.comms.embeddings_updater import EmbeddingsRequestor
+from frigate.comms.inter_process import InterProcessRequestor
+from frigate.comms.webpush import WebPushClient
+
+THREADS = 8
+CALLS = 100
+
+# nothing reads until the end, so the total stays under the default zmq HWM
+PUBLISH_CALLS = 100
+
+
+class TestSharedRequestor(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self) -> None:
+        self.tmp = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory()
+        self.address = f"ipc://{os.path.join(self.tmp.name, 'comms')}"
+        self.stop = threading.Event()
+        self.context = zmq.Context()
+        self.responder = self.context.socket(zmq.REP)
+        self.responder.bind(self.address)
+        self.responder_thread = threading.Thread(target=self._respond)
+        self.responder_thread.start()
+
+    def tearDown(self) -> None:
+        self.stop.set()
+        self.responder_thread.join()
+        self.responder.close(linger=0)
+        self.context.destroy(linger=0)
+        self.tmp.cleanup()
+
+    def _respond(self) -> None:
+        while not self.stop.is_set():
+            ready, _, _ = zmq.select([self.responder], [], [], 0.1)
+
+            if ready:
+                self.responder.recv_json()
+                time.sleep(random.uniform(0, 0.002))
+                self.responder.send_json(["ok"])
+
+    def _call_from_threads(self, requestor) -> list:
+        results: list = []
+
+        def call() -> None:
+            for _ in range(CALLS):
+                # jitter lands some calls on the instant another reply arrives
+                time.sleep(random.uniform(0, 0.002))
+                results.append(requestor.send_data("topic", {"key": "value"}))
+
+        threads = [threading.Thread(target=call, daemon=True) for _ in range(THREADS)]
+
+        for thread in threads:
+            thread.start()
+
+        for thread in threads:
+            thread.join(30)
+
+        self.assertFalse(any(thread.is_alive() for thread in threads))
+        return results
+
+    def test_inter_process_requestor_waits_for_overlapping_calls(self) -> None:
+        with patch.object(inter_process, "SOCKET_REP_REQ", self.address):
+            requestor = InterProcessRequestor()
+
+        results = self._call_from_threads(requestor)
+        self.assertEqual(results, [["ok"]] * THREADS * CALLS)
+        requestor.stop()
+
+    def test_embeddings_requestor_survives_overlapping_calls(self) -> None:
+        with patch.object(embeddings_updater, "SOCKET_REP_REQ", self.address):
+            requestor = EmbeddingsRequestor()
+
+        # an overlapping call may fail fast, but the socket has to stay usable
+        results = self._call_from_threads(requestor)
+        self.assertEqual(len(results), THREADS * CALLS)
+        self.assertEqual(requestor.send_data("topic", {}), ["ok"])
+        requestor.stop()
+
+
+class TestSharedConfigPublisher(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_frames_stay_paired_across_threads(self) -> None:
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmp:
+            address = f"ipc://{os.path.join(tmp, 'config')}"
+
+            with patch.object(config_updater, "SOCKET_PUB_SUB", address):
+                publisher = ConfigPublisher()
+                subscriber = ConfigSubscriber("config/")
+
+            # a subscription that is still connecting drops messages
+            subscriber.socket.setsockopt(zmq.RCVTIMEO, 5000)
+
+            while True:
+                publisher.publish("config/ready", None)
+
+                if zmq.select([subscriber.socket], [], [], 0.05)[0]:
+                    break
+
+            def publish(index: int) -> None:
+                topic = f"config/cameras/camera_{index}"
+
+                for _ in range(PUBLISH_CALLS):
+                    publisher.publish(topic, topic)
+
+            threads = [
+                threading.Thread(target=publish, args=(i,)) for i in range(THREADS)
+            ]
+
+            for thread in threads:
+                thread.start()
+
+            for thread in threads:
+                thread.join()
+
+            publisher.publish("config/done", None)
+            received = 0
+
+            while True:
+                topic = subscriber.socket.recv_string()
+                payload = subscriber.socket.recv_pyobj()
+
+                if topic == "config/done":
+                    break
+
+                if topic != "config/ready":
+                    self.assertEqual(topic, payload)
+                    received += 1
+
+            self.assertEqual(received, THREADS * PUBLISH_CALLS)
+            subscriber.stop()
+            publisher.stop()
+
+
+class FakeConfigSubscriber:
+    """Records whether two threads read at the same time."""
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self.reading = threading.Lock()
+        self.overlapped = False
+
+    def _read(self) -> None:
+        if not self.reading.acquire(blocking=False):
+            self.overlapped = True
+            return
+
+        time.sleep(0.001)
+        self.reading.release()
+
+    def check_for_update(self) -> tuple[None, None]:
+        self._read()
+        return (None, None)
+
+    def check_for_updates(self) -> dict:
+        self._read()
+        return {}
+
+
+class TestSharedWebPushClient(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_config_subscribers_read_by_one_thread_at_a_time(self) -> None:
+        client = WebPushClient.__new__(WebPushClient)
+        client.config_lock = threading.Lock()
+        client.global_config_subscriber = FakeConfigSubscriber()
+        client.config_subscriber = FakeConfigSubscriber()
+
+        def publish() -> None:
+            for _ in range(20):
+                client.publish("topic", "payload")
+
+        threads = [threading.Thread(target=publish) for _ in range(THREADS)]
+
+        for thread in threads:
+            thread.start()
+
+        for thread in threads:
+            thread.join()
+
+        self.assertFalse(client.global_config_subscriber.overlapped)
+        self.assertFalse(client.config_subscriber.overlapped)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()

frigate/test/test_env.py

@@ -54,14 +54,10 @@ class TestGo2RtcAddStreamSubstitution(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_mixed_localtime_and_frigate_var(self):
         """%{localtime\\:...} alongside {FRIGATE_USER} substitutes only the var."""
         FRIGATE_ENV_VARS["FRIGATE_USER"] = "admin"
-        src = (
-            "ffmpeg:rtsp://host/s#raw=-vf "
-            "drawtext=text=%{localtime\\:%Y-%m-%d}:user={FRIGATE_USER}"
-        )
+        src = "rtsp://host/s?text=%{localtime\\:%Y-%m-%d}&user={FRIGATE_USER}"
         self.assertEqual(
             self._call_route(src),
-            "ffmpeg:rtsp://host/s#raw=-vf "
-            "drawtext=text=%{localtime\\:%Y-%m-%d}:user=admin",
+            "rtsp://host/s?text=%{localtime\\:%Y-%m-%d}&user=admin",
         )
 
     def test_unknown_var_falls_back_to_raw_src(self):
@@ -251,6 +247,29 @@ class TestEnvVars(unittest.TestCase):
         result = validate_env_string("{FRIGATE_BROKER}")
         self.assertEqual(result, "mqtt.local")
 
+    def test_install_ignores_go2rtc_exec_override(self):
+        """The go2rtc exec override cannot be enabled from the config."""
+        from frigate.util.services import is_go2rtc_arbitrary_exec_allowed
+
+        env_patch = patch.dict(os.environ)
+        env_patch.start()
+        self.addCleanup(env_patch.stop)
+        os.environ.pop("GO2RTC_ALLOW_ARBITRARY_EXEC", None)
+        ctx = self._make_context(install=True)
+        with patch("frigate.util.services.os.path.isfile", return_value=False):
+            for key in ("GO2RTC_ALLOW_ARBITRARY_EXEC", "go2rtc_allow_arbitrary_exec"):
+                validate_env_vars({key: "true", "OTHER_VAR": "value"}, ctx)
+                self.assertNotIn(key, os.environ)
+                self.assertFalse(is_go2rtc_arbitrary_exec_allowed())
+        self.assertEqual(os.environ.get("OTHER_VAR"), "value")
+
+    def test_install_keeps_container_go2rtc_exec_override(self):
+        """An override set in the container environment is left untouched."""
+        ctx = self._make_context(install=True)
+        with patch.dict(os.environ, {"GO2RTC_ALLOW_ARBITRARY_EXEC": "true"}):
+            validate_env_vars({"GO2RTC_ALLOW_ARBITRARY_EXEC": "false"}, ctx)
+            self.assertEqual(os.environ.get("GO2RTC_ALLOW_ARBITRARY_EXEC"), "true")
+
 
 class TestVariableSources(unittest.TestCase):
     """Precedence between the sources that feed FRIGATE_ENV_VARS."""

frigate/test/test_go2rtc_stream_auth.py

@@ -8,6 +8,9 @@ param, which the static-media auth in `media_auth` does not inspect.
 
 import types
 import unittest
+from unittest.mock import MagicMock, patch
+
+import requests
 
 from frigate.api.auth import deny_response_for_go2rtc_stream
 from frigate.config import FrigateConfig
@@ -20,6 +23,7 @@ _CONFIG = {
             "dual_user": ["front_door", "back_door"],
         }
     },
+    "go2rtc": {"streams": {"doorbell_audio": ["rtsp://10.0.0.4:554/audio"]}},
     "cameras": {
         "front_door": {
             "ffmpeg": {
@@ -46,7 +50,9 @@ _CONFIG = {
 
 
 def _request(config: FrigateConfig) -> types.SimpleNamespace:
-    return types.SimpleNamespace(app=types.SimpleNamespace(frigate_config=config))
+    return types.SimpleNamespace(
+        app=types.SimpleNamespace(frigate_config=config), headers={}
+    )
 
 
 class TestDenyResponseForGo2rtcStream(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -54,6 +60,20 @@ class TestDenyResponseForGo2rtcStream(unittest.TestCase):
         self.config = FrigateConfig(**_CONFIG)
         self.request = _request(self.config)
 
+        # go2rtc is not running in tests; individual tests override this
+        get_patch = patch(
+            "frigate.api.auth.requests.get",
+            side_effect=requests.ConnectionError("go2rtc unavailable"),
+        )
+        self.mock_get = get_patch.start()
+        self.addCleanup(get_patch.stop)
+
+    def _go2rtc_streams(self, *names: str) -> None:
+        response = MagicMock(ok=True)
+        response.json.return_value = {name: {} for name in names}
+        self.mock_get.side_effect = None
+        self.mock_get.return_value = response
+
     def _deny(self, url: str, role: str):
         return deny_response_for_go2rtc_stream(url, role, self.request)
 
@@ -170,6 +190,107 @@ class TestDenyResponseForGo2rtcStream(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_missing_role_bypasses(self):
         self.assertIsNone(self._deny("http://host/live/mse/api/ws?src=back_door", None))
 
+    # --- ad hoc sources are denied for every role ---
+
+    def test_ad_hoc_ffmpeg_source_denied_for_all_roles(self):
+        # shape of the source in GHSA-93xj-hg88-ffg7
+        src = "ffmpeg:%23input%3D'-f''h264''-i''data:placeholder''-c''copy'"
+        for path in (
+            "/live/mse/api/ws",
+            "/live/webrtc/api/ws",
+            "/api/go2rtc/webrtc",
+        ):
+            for role in ("viewer", "admin", "limited_user", None):
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    self._deny(f"http://host{path}?src={src}", role),
+                    403,
+                    f"{path} {role}",
+                )
+
+    def test_ad_hoc_source_with_name_param_denied(self):
+        # name= would otherwise let go2rtc replace an existing stream's source
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self._deny(
+                "http://host/live/mse/api/ws?src=ffmpeg:x%23video%3Dh264"
+                "&name=front_door",
+                "admin",
+            ),
+            403,
+        )
+
+    def test_ad_hoc_source_after_existing_src_denied(self):
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self._deny(
+                "http://host/live/mse/api/ws?src=front_door&src=exec:x", "viewer"
+            ),
+            403,
+        )
+
+    def test_unknown_stream_denied_for_admin(self):
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self._deny("http://host/live/mse/api/ws?src=nonexistent", "admin"), 403
+        )
+
+    def test_blank_src_denied_for_admin(self):
+        self.assertEqual(self._deny("http://host/live/mse/api/ws?src=", "admin"), 403)
+
+    def test_go2rtc_config_stream_allowed(self):
+        self.assertIsNone(
+            self._deny("http://host/live/mse/api/ws?src=doorbell_audio", "viewer")
+        )
+        self.mock_get.assert_not_called()
+
+    def test_runtime_go2rtc_stream_allowed(self):
+        # streams added through PUT /go2rtc/streams only exist in go2rtc
+        self._go2rtc_streams("front_door", "wizard_test")
+        self.assertIsNone(
+            self._deny("http://host/live/mse/api/ws?src=wizard_test", "admin")
+        )
+
+    def test_runtime_lookup_does_not_admit_ad_hoc_source(self):
+        self._go2rtc_streams("front_door", "wizard_test")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self._deny("http://host/live/mse/api/ws?src=ffmpeg:wizard_test", "admin"),
+            403,
+        )
+
+    def test_go2rtc_error_fails_closed(self):
+        self.mock_get.side_effect = None
+        self.mock_get.return_value = MagicMock(ok=False)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self._deny("http://host/live/mse/api/ws?src=wizard_test", "admin"), 403
+        )
+
+    # --- path spellings nginx normalizes before matching its location ---
+
+    def test_path_variants_are_checked(self):
+        for path in (
+            "/live/mse/api/%77s",
+            "/live/mse/api%2Fws",
+            "//live/mse/api/ws",
+            "/live//mse/api/ws",
+            "/live/mse/api/./ws",
+            "/live/other/../mse/api/ws",
+            "/live/mse/api/%2e/ws",
+            "/%6Cive/webrtc/api/ws",
+            "/api/go2rtc/%77ebrtc",
+            "/live/mse/api/ws/",
+            "/live/mse/api/ws/extra",
+            "http://host//live/mse/api/ws",
+        ):
+            self.assertEqual(self._deny(f"{path}?src=nonexistent", "viewer"), 403, path)
+
+    def test_path_variants_allow_existing_stream(self):
+        self.assertIsNone(self._deny("/live/mse/api/%77s?src=front_door", "viewer"))
+
+    def test_nginx_marker_applies_check(self):
+        self.request.headers = {"x-go2rtc-stream-proxy": "1"}
+        self.assertEqual(self._deny("/unexpected?src=nonexistent", "viewer"), 403)
+
+    def test_unrelated_paths_not_checked(self):
+        for path in ("/live/mse/api", "/api/go2rtc/streams", "/live/jsmpeg/x"):
+            self.assertIsNone(self._deny(f"{path}?src=nonexistent", "viewer"), path)
+
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     unittest.main()

frigate/test/test_process.py

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+import multiprocessing as mp
+import os
+import sys
+import unittest
+from types import SimpleNamespace
+from unittest.mock import patch
+
+import frigate.__main__ as frigate_main
+import frigate.log
+from frigate.config import FrigateConfig
+from frigate.util.process import FrigateProcess
+
+ENV_KEY = "FRIGATE_TEST_PROCESS_ENV"
+
+
+class EnvReportingProcess(FrigateProcess):
+    def __init__(self, stop_event, result_queue):
+        super().__init__(stop_event, 0, name="env_reporter", daemon=True)
+        self.result_queue = result_queue
+
+    def run(self) -> None:
+        self.pre_run_setup()
+        self.result_queue.put(os.environ.get(ENV_KEY))
+
+
+def _run_main_and_report(result_queue) -> None:
+    """Run frigate's main() with the config load and app faked out.
+
+    Runs in a fresh interpreter so no earlier test has started the forkserver.
+    """
+    mp.set_start_method("forkserver", force=True)
+
+    def load(**kwargs):
+        os.environ[ENV_KEY] = "applied"
+        return SimpleNamespace()
+
+    def setup_logging(manager):
+        frigate.log.log_listener = SimpleNamespace(queue=manager.Queue())
+
+    class FakeApp:
+        def __init__(self, config, manager, stop_event):
+            self.stop_event = stop_event
+
+        def start(self):
+            child_queue = mp.Queue()
+            process = EnvReportingProcess(self.stop_event, child_queue)
+            process.start()
+            result_queue.put(child_queue.get(timeout=30))
+            process.join(timeout=10)
+
+    try:
+        with (
+            patch.object(sys, "argv", ["frigate"]),
+            patch.object(FrigateConfig, "load", load),
+            patch("frigate.__main__.setup_logging", setup_logging),
+            patch("frigate.__main__.FrigateApp", FakeApp),
+        ):
+            frigate_main.main()
+    except Exception as err:
+        result_queue.put(f"error: {err!r}")
+
+
+class TestWorkerEnvironment(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_env_applied_by_config_load_reaches_worker_processes(self):
+        ctx = mp.get_context("spawn")
+        result_queue = ctx.Queue()
+        runner = ctx.Process(target=_run_main_and_report, args=(result_queue,))
+        runner.start()
+
+        try:
+            self.assertEqual(result_queue.get(timeout=60), "applied")
+        finally:
+            runner.join(timeout=10)
+
+            if runner.is_alive():
+                runner.terminate()
+                runner.join()
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()

frigate/test/test_update_yaml.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import unittest
 
 from ruamel.yaml import YAML
 
-from frigate.util.builtin import update_yaml_file_bulk
+from frigate.util.builtin import clear_orphaned_comments, update_yaml_file_bulk
 
 
 class TestUpdateYaml(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -178,6 +178,27 @@ class TestUpdateYaml(unittest.TestCase):
         assert data["cameras"]["cam1"]["detect"]["fps"] == 5
         assert "# tuned for the pi" in self._read()
 
+    def test_delete_only_camera_with_comment_on_cameras_key(self):
+        """Deleting the only camera stays parseable when the cameras key
+        carries the default config's trailing comment."""
+        self._write(
+            "cameras: # No cameras defined, UI wizard should be used\n"
+            "  cam1:\n"
+            "    enabled: true\n"
+            "version: 0.18-0\n"
+        )
+        yaml = YAML()
+        with open(self.config_path) as f:
+            data = yaml.load(f)
+        del data["cameras"]["cam1"]
+        clear_orphaned_comments(data["cameras"], data, "cameras")
+        with open(self.config_path, "w") as f:
+            yaml.dump(data, f)
+
+        data = self._load()
+        assert data["cameras"] == {}
+        assert data["version"] == "0.18-0"
+
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     unittest.main(verbosity=2)

frigate/test/test_webpush_registration.py

@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 """Tests for push notification subscription validation."""
 
 import unittest
+from base64 import urlsafe_b64encode
 
 from frigate.api.notification import _validate_push_endpoint, _validate_subscription
+from frigate.comms.webpush import _build_web_pushers
 
 VALID_ENDPOINTS = [
     "https://fcm.googleapis.com/fcm/send/dGhpcy1pcy1hLXRva2Vu",
@@ -148,3 +150,16 @@ class TestValidateSubscription(unittest.TestCase):
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     unittest.main()
+
+
+class TestBuildWebPushers(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_skips_subscriptions_with_malformed_keys(self):
+        bad = _subscription(VALID_ENDPOINTS[0])
+        good = _subscription(VALID_ENDPOINTS[0])
+        good["keys"]["p256dh"] = urlsafe_b64encode(b"\x04" + bytes(64)).decode()
+
+        with self.assertLogs("frigate.comms.webpush", level="WARNING"):
+            pushers = _build_web_pushers("viewer", [bad, good])
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(pushers), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(pushers[0].receiver_key, b"\x04" + bytes(64))

frigate/util/env.py

@@ -165,12 +165,25 @@ def reload_sources(warn: bool = True) -> None:
     _rebuild(warn)
 
 
+# Security overrides that must come from the container environment, which is
+# controlled by the operator, rather than from the config, which admins can edit
+_PROTECTED_ENV_VARS = frozenset({"GO2RTC_ALLOW_ARBITRARY_EXEC"})
+
+
 def apply_config_env_vars(values: Mapping[str, object]) -> None:
     """Install the environment_vars block as the lowest priority source.
 
-    Unprefixed keys only set os.environ.
+    Unprefixed keys only set os.environ. Protected security overrides are
+    skipped.
     """
     for key, value in values.items():
+        if key.upper() in _PROTECTED_ENV_VARS:
+            logger.warning(
+                "Ignoring %s in environment_vars, it must be set in the container environment",
+                key,
+            )
+            continue
+
         resolved = str(value)
 
         if key.startswith("FRIGATE_"):

frigate/util/services.py

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import subprocess as sp
 import time
 import traceback
 from datetime import datetime
+from enum import Enum
 from typing import Any
 
 import cv2
@@ -29,6 +30,7 @@ from frigate.const import (
     SHM_FRAMES_VAR,
 )
 from frigate.util.builtin import clean_camera_user_pass, escape_special_characters
+from frigate.util.env import UnknownVariableError, substitute_frigate_vars
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -511,8 +513,9 @@ def get_intel_gpu_stats(
     Each DRM client FD exposes monotonic per-engine busy counters via
     /proc/<pid>/fdinfo/<fd>. For i915 this requires kernel 6.5 or newer:
     earlier kernels omit the per-engine counters whenever GuC submission is
-    active, which is the default on 12th gen and newer. Xe has exposed them
-    since its first release. We sample twice and divide busy-time deltas by
+    active, which is the default on 12th gen and newer. i915 never exposes
+    them on GPUs older than Broadwell (Gen8). Xe has exposed them since its
+    first release. We sample twice and divide busy-time deltas by
     wall-clock to derive utilization. Render/3D and Compute are pooled into
     "compute"; Video and VideoEnhance into "dec". Overall "gpu" is the sum of
     those pools (clamped to 100%).
@@ -581,10 +584,11 @@ def get_intel_gpu_stats(
         # i915 suppresses per-client engine counters while GuC submission is
         # active on kernels older than 6.5 (kernel commit 1324680a80eb lifted
         # this), which covers stock Debian 12 and Ubuntu 22.04 on 12th gen
-        # and newer.
+        # and newer. It never publishes them for pre-Broadwell GPUs.
         logger.warning(
             "Unable to collect Intel GPU stats: found %d DRM client(s) for %s but "
-            "no per-engine counters. Kernel 6.5 or newer is required.",
+            "the kernel reports no usage for them. GPUs older than Broadwell "
+            "(5th gen) are not supported. 12th gen and newer need kernel 6.5+",
             len(snapshot_a),
             "/".join(sorted({client["driver"] for client in snapshot_a.values()})),
         )
@@ -1027,6 +1031,119 @@ def is_restricted_go2rtc_source(stream_source: str) -> bool:
     return not is_go2rtc_arbitrary_exec_allowed()
 
 
+# go2rtc expands an `ffmpeg:` source into an `exec:` command line built from its
+# `#key=value` parameters, so only parameters that map to fixed presets or plain
+# numbers are accepted from the API
+_GO2RTC_FFMPEG_NAME_PARAMS = frozenset({"video", "audio", "hardware"})
+_GO2RTC_FFMPEG_NUMERIC_PARAMS = frozenset(
+    {"width", "height", "rotate", "bitrate", "timeout"}
+)
+_GO2RTC_FFMPEG_FLAG_PARAMS = frozenset({"async"})
+# a preset or codec name, optionally with a sample rate (e.g. opus/16000)
+_GO2RTC_FFMPEG_NAME_VALUE = re.compile(r"^([A-Za-z0-9_]*|[A-Za-z0-9_]+/[0-9]{1,6})$")
+_GO2RTC_FFMPEG_NUMERIC_VALUE = re.compile(r"^-?[0-9]+[kKmM]?$")
+
+
+def _is_safe_go2rtc_ffmpeg_source(stream_source: str) -> bool:
+    """Check that an `ffmpeg:` source only uses allowlisted parameters."""
+    if any(c in stream_source for c in "'\"") or re.search(r"\s", stream_source):
+        return False
+
+    _, *params = stream_source.split("#")
+    for param in params:
+        key, has_value, value = param.partition("=")
+        if key in _GO2RTC_FFMPEG_NAME_PARAMS:
+            if not _GO2RTC_FFMPEG_NAME_VALUE.match(value):
+                return False
+        elif key in _GO2RTC_FFMPEG_NUMERIC_PARAMS:
+            if not _GO2RTC_FFMPEG_NUMERIC_VALUE.match(value):
+                return False
+        elif key in _GO2RTC_FFMPEG_FLAG_PARAMS:
+            if has_value:
+                return False
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    return True
+
+
+def is_restricted_go2rtc_api_source(stream_source: str) -> bool:
+    """Check if a stream source submitted through the API is restricted.
+
+    In addition to the echo/expr/exec sources, this restricts `ffmpeg:` sources
+    whose parameters could inject arbitrary ffmpeg arguments. The
+    GO2RTC_ALLOW_ARBITRARY_EXEC override lifts both restrictions.
+    """
+    source = stream_source.strip()
+    if is_restricted_go2rtc_source(source):
+        return True
+    if not source.startswith("ffmpeg:"):
+        return False
+    if _is_safe_go2rtc_ffmpeg_source(source[len("ffmpeg:") :]):
+        return False
+    return not is_go2rtc_arbitrary_exec_allowed()
+
+
+def _go2rtc_stream_sources(stream: Any) -> list[Any]:
+    return stream if isinstance(stream, list) else [stream]
+
+
+class Go2rtcStreamIssue(str, Enum):
+    """Why a go2rtc stream source was rejected."""
+
+    restricted = "restricted"
+    unknown_variable = "unknown_variable"
+    invalid_placeholder = "invalid_placeholder"
+
+
+def find_restricted_go2rtc_stream_changes(
+    old_streams: dict[str, Any] | None, new_streams: dict[str, Any] | None
+) -> dict[str, Go2rtcStreamIssue]:
+    """Return the go2rtc streams with new sources that must be rejected.
+
+    Used when the config is changed through the API. A source that is already
+    in the saved config for the same stream is left alone, so streams the
+    operator configured on disk keep working; any other source must resolve
+    its {FRIGATE_*} placeholders and pass `is_restricted_go2rtc_api_source`.
+    """
+    old_streams = old_streams if isinstance(old_streams, dict) else {}
+    new_streams = new_streams if isinstance(new_streams, dict) else {}
+    issues: dict[str, Go2rtcStreamIssue] = {}
+
+    for name, stream in new_streams.items():
+        existing = _go2rtc_stream_sources(old_streams.get(name))
+
+        for source in _go2rtc_stream_sources(stream):
+            if source in existing:
+                continue
+
+            if not isinstance(source, str):
+                # the map form is only usable with arbitrary exec enabled
+                if is_go2rtc_arbitrary_exec_allowed():
+                    continue
+                issues[name] = Go2rtcStreamIssue.restricted
+                break
+
+            # only sources whose placeholders resolve here are accepted, so the
+            # resolved value checked below is what go2rtc loads at startup
+            try:
+                resolved_source = substitute_frigate_vars(source)
+            except UnknownVariableError:
+                issues[name] = Go2rtcStreamIssue.unknown_variable
+                break
+            except ValueError:
+                issues[name] = Go2rtcStreamIssue.invalid_placeholder
+                break
+
+            if is_restricted_go2rtc_api_source(
+                source
+            ) or is_restricted_go2rtc_api_source(resolved_source):
+                issues[name] = Go2rtcStreamIssue.restricted
+                break
+
+    return issues
+
+
 def ffprobe_stream(ffmpeg, path: str, detailed: bool = False) -> sp.CompletedProcess:
     """Run ffprobe on stream."""
     clean_path = escape_special_characters(path)

web/public/locales/en/views/settings.json

@@ -1116,6 +1116,7 @@
         "title": "Create New User",
         "desc": "Add a new user account and specify a role for access to areas of the Frigate UI.",
         "usernameOnlyInclude": "Username may only include letters, numbers, . or _",
+        "usernameOnlyDots": "Username cannot contain only periods",
         "confirmPassword": "Please confirm your password"
       },
       "deleteUser": {

web/src/components/overlay/CameraInfoDialog.tsx

@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ export default function CameraInfoDialog({
         open={showCameraInfoDialog}
         onOpenChange={setShowCameraInfoDialog}
       >
-        <DialogContent>
+        <DialogContent className="scrollbar-container max-h-[90dvh] overflow-y-auto">
           <DialogHeader>
             <DialogTitle className="smart-capitalize">
               {t("cameras.info.cameraProbeInfo", {

web/src/components/overlay/CreateUserDialog.tsx

@@ -82,6 +82,9 @@ export default function CreateUserDialog({
         .min(1, t("users.dialog.form.usernameIsRequired"))
         .regex(/^[A-Za-z0-9._]+$/, {
           message: t("users.dialog.createUser.usernameOnlyInclude"),
+        })
+        .regex(/[^.]/, {
+          message: t("users.dialog.createUser.usernameOnlyDots"),
         }),
       password: z
         .string()

web/src/components/player/MsePlayer.tsx

@@ -489,7 +489,7 @@ function MSEPlayer({
           if (sb.buffered && sb.buffered.length) {
             const end = sb.buffered.end(sb.buffered.length - 1) - 15;
             const start = sb.buffered.start(0);
-            if (end > start) {
+            if (end - start > 1) {
               sb.remove(start, end);
               msRef.current?.setLiveSeekableRange(end, end + 15);
             }

web/src/views/live/DraggableGridLayout.tsx

@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ import { ASPECT_WIDE_LAYOUT } from "@/types/record";
 import { Skeleton } from "@/components/ui/skeleton";
 import { isEqual } from "lodash";
 import useSWR from "swr";
+import { useIsAdmin } from "@/hooks/use-is-admin";
 import { isDesktop, isMobile, isMobileOnly } from "react-device-detect";
 import BirdseyeLivePlayer from "@/components/player/BirdseyeLivePlayer";
 import LivePlayer from "@/components/player/LivePlayer";
@@ -133,6 +134,7 @@ export default function DraggableGridLayout({
 }: DraggableGridLayoutProps) {
   const { t } = useTranslation(["views/live"]);
   const { data: config } = useSWR<FrigateConfig>("config");
+  const isAdmin = useIsAdmin();
   const birdseyeConfig = useMemo(() => config?.birdseye, [config]);
 
   const aspectRatios = useMemo(() => {
@@ -884,7 +886,7 @@ export default function DraggableGridLayout({
               </Tooltip>
               {!isEditMode && (
                 <>
-                  {!fullscreen && (
+                  {!fullscreen && isAdmin && (
                     <Tooltip>
                       <TooltipTrigger asChild>
                         <div