diff --git a/web/e2e/helpers/mock-overrides.ts b/web/e2e/helpers/mock-overrides.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a2b94a1c8c
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+++ b/web/e2e/helpers/mock-overrides.ts
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+/**
+ * Per-test mock overrides for driving empty / loading / error states.
+ *
+ * Playwright route handlers are LIFO: the most recently registered handler
+ * matching a URL takes precedence. The frigateApp fixture installs default
+ * mocks before the test body runs, so these helpers — called inside the
+ * test body — register AFTER the defaults and therefore win.
+ *
+ * Always call these BEFORE the navigation that triggers the request.
+ *
+ * Example:
+ *   await mockEmpty(page, "**\/api\/exports**");
+ *   await frigateApp.goto("/export");
+ *   // Page now renders the empty state
+ */
+
+import type { Page } from "@playwright/test";
+
+/** Return an empty array for the matched endpoint. */
+export async function mockEmpty(
+  page: Page,
+  urlPattern: string | RegExp,
+): Promise<void> {
+  await page.route(urlPattern, (route) =>
+    route.fulfill({ json: [] }),
+  );
+}
+
+/** Return an HTTP error for the matched endpoint. Default status 500. */
+export async function mockError(
+  page: Page,
+  urlPattern: string | RegExp,
+  status = 500,
+): Promise<void> {
+  await page.route(urlPattern, (route) =>
+    route.fulfill({
+      status,
+      json: { success: false, message: "Mocked error" },
+    }),
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * Delay the response by `ms` milliseconds before fulfilling with the
+ * provided body. Use to assert loading-state UI is visible during the
+ * delay window.
+ */
+export async function mockDelay(
+  page: Page,
+  urlPattern: string | RegExp,
+  ms: number,
+  body: unknown = [],
+): Promise<void> {
+  await page.route(urlPattern, async (route) => {
+    await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, ms));
+    await route.fulfill({ json: body });
+  });
+}